Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes
We examined ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the plumes of the Tocantins and Amazon rivers, which drain watersheds with different proportions of degraded land. The concentration of INPs active at −15°C (INP−15) was an order of magnitude lower in the Tocantins (mean = 13.2 ml−1; s.d. = 7.8 ml−1), d...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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The Royal Society
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Royal Society Open Science |
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| Online Access: | https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.220878 |
| _version_ | 1797858631538966528 |
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| author | Annika Einbock Emma Burtscher Claudia Frey Franz Conen |
| author_facet | Annika Einbock Emma Burtscher Claudia Frey Franz Conen |
| author_sort | Annika Einbock |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We examined ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the plumes of the Tocantins and Amazon rivers, which drain watersheds with different proportions of degraded land. The concentration of INPs active at −15°C (INP−15) was an order of magnitude lower in the Tocantins (mean = 13.2 ml−1; s.d. = 7.8 ml−1), draining the more degraded watershed, compared with the Amazon (mean = 175.8 ml−1; s.d. = 11.2 ml−1), where the concentration was also significantly higher than in Atlantic surface waters (mean = 3.2 ml−1; s.d. = 2.3 ml−1). Differences in heat tolerance suggest that INPs emitted by the Amazon rainforest to the atmosphere or washed into the river might originate from contrasting sources on top of and below the rainforest canopy, respectively. For the Amazon River, we estimate a daily discharge of 1018 INP−15 to Atlantic waters. Rivers in cooler climate zones tend to have much higher concentrations of INPs and could, despite a smaller water volume discharged, transfer even larger absolute numbers of INP−15 to shelf waters than does the Amazon. To what extent these terrestrial INPs become aerosolized by breaking waves and bubble-bursting remains an open question. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T21:16:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-931bf148dd4c44799cd35ae7fafd5b59 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2054-5703 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T21:16:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | The Royal Society |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Royal Society Open Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-931bf148dd4c44799cd35ae7fafd5b592023-03-28T08:51:00ZengThe Royal SocietyRoyal Society Open Science2054-57032023-02-0110210.1098/rsos.220878Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumesAnnika Einbock0Emma Burtscher1Claudia Frey2Franz Conen3Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel SwitzerlandDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel SwitzerlandDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel SwitzerlandDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel SwitzerlandWe examined ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the plumes of the Tocantins and Amazon rivers, which drain watersheds with different proportions of degraded land. The concentration of INPs active at −15°C (INP−15) was an order of magnitude lower in the Tocantins (mean = 13.2 ml−1; s.d. = 7.8 ml−1), draining the more degraded watershed, compared with the Amazon (mean = 175.8 ml−1; s.d. = 11.2 ml−1), where the concentration was also significantly higher than in Atlantic surface waters (mean = 3.2 ml−1; s.d. = 2.3 ml−1). Differences in heat tolerance suggest that INPs emitted by the Amazon rainforest to the atmosphere or washed into the river might originate from contrasting sources on top of and below the rainforest canopy, respectively. For the Amazon River, we estimate a daily discharge of 1018 INP−15 to Atlantic waters. Rivers in cooler climate zones tend to have much higher concentrations of INPs and could, despite a smaller water volume discharged, transfer even larger absolute numbers of INP−15 to shelf waters than does the Amazon. To what extent these terrestrial INPs become aerosolized by breaking waves and bubble-bursting remains an open question.https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.220878ice-nucleating particlesriver plumeAmazonTocantinswatershedatmosphere |
| spellingShingle | Annika Einbock Emma Burtscher Claudia Frey Franz Conen Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes Royal Society Open Science ice-nucleating particles river plume Amazon Tocantins watershed atmosphere |
| title | Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes |
| title_full | Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes |
| title_fullStr | Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes |
| title_short | Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes |
| title_sort | export of ice nucleating particles from watersheds results from the amazon and tocantins river plumes |
| topic | ice-nucleating particles river plume Amazon Tocantins watershed atmosphere |
| url | https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.220878 |
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