A 3D Interferometer-Type Lightning Mapping Array for Observation of Winter Lightning in Japan
We have developed and deployed a 3D Interferometer-type Lightning Mapping Array (InLMA) for observing winter lightning in Japan. InLMA consists of three broadband interferometers installed at three stations with a distance from 3 to 5 km. At each interferometer station, three discone antennas were i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1923 |
| _version_ | 1797607058641518592 |
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| author | Junchen Yang Daohong Wang Haitao Huang Ting Wu Nobuyuki Takagi Kazuo Yamamoto |
| author_facet | Junchen Yang Daohong Wang Haitao Huang Ting Wu Nobuyuki Takagi Kazuo Yamamoto |
| author_sort | Junchen Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We have developed and deployed a 3D Interferometer-type Lightning Mapping Array (InLMA) for observing winter lightning in Japan. InLMA consists of three broadband interferometers installed at three stations with a distance from 3 to 5 km. At each interferometer station, three discone antennas were installed, forming a right triangle with a separation of 75 m along their two orthogonal baselines. The output of each InLMA antenna is passed through a 400 MHz low-pass filter and then recorded at 1 GS/s with 16-bit accuracy. A new method has been proposed for finding 3D solutions of a lightning mapping system that consists of multiple interferometers. Using the InLMA, we have succeeded in mapping a positive cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash in winter, particularly its preliminary breakdown (PB) process. A study on individual PB pulse processes allows us to infer that each PB pulse process contains many small-scale discharges scattering in a height range of about 150 m. These small-scale discharges in a series of PB pulses appear to be continuous in space, though discontinuous in time. We have also examined the positive return stroke in the CG flash and found a 3D average return stroke speed of 7.5 × 10<sup>7</sup> m/s. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:25:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9356b164303f4148bb3ce97624141861 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:25:58Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-9356b164303f4148bb3ce976241418612023-11-17T17:30:56ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-04-01157192310.3390/rs15071923A 3D Interferometer-Type Lightning Mapping Array for Observation of Winter Lightning in JapanJunchen Yang0Daohong Wang1Haitao Huang2Ting Wu3Nobuyuki Takagi4Kazuo Yamamoto5Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, JapanDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, JapanDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, JapanDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, JapanDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, JapanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-0027, JapanWe have developed and deployed a 3D Interferometer-type Lightning Mapping Array (InLMA) for observing winter lightning in Japan. InLMA consists of three broadband interferometers installed at three stations with a distance from 3 to 5 km. At each interferometer station, three discone antennas were installed, forming a right triangle with a separation of 75 m along their two orthogonal baselines. The output of each InLMA antenna is passed through a 400 MHz low-pass filter and then recorded at 1 GS/s with 16-bit accuracy. A new method has been proposed for finding 3D solutions of a lightning mapping system that consists of multiple interferometers. Using the InLMA, we have succeeded in mapping a positive cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash in winter, particularly its preliminary breakdown (PB) process. A study on individual PB pulse processes allows us to infer that each PB pulse process contains many small-scale discharges scattering in a height range of about 150 m. These small-scale discharges in a series of PB pulses appear to be continuous in space, though discontinuous in time. We have also examined the positive return stroke in the CG flash and found a 3D average return stroke speed of 7.5 × 10<sup>7</sup> m/s.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1923lightningwinter lightninglightning mapping arrayinterferometerpreliminary breakdownpositive return stroke |
| spellingShingle | Junchen Yang Daohong Wang Haitao Huang Ting Wu Nobuyuki Takagi Kazuo Yamamoto A 3D Interferometer-Type Lightning Mapping Array for Observation of Winter Lightning in Japan Remote Sensing lightning winter lightning lightning mapping array interferometer preliminary breakdown positive return stroke |
| title | A 3D Interferometer-Type Lightning Mapping Array for Observation of Winter Lightning in Japan |
| title_full | A 3D Interferometer-Type Lightning Mapping Array for Observation of Winter Lightning in Japan |
| title_fullStr | A 3D Interferometer-Type Lightning Mapping Array for Observation of Winter Lightning in Japan |
| title_full_unstemmed | A 3D Interferometer-Type Lightning Mapping Array for Observation of Winter Lightning in Japan |
| title_short | A 3D Interferometer-Type Lightning Mapping Array for Observation of Winter Lightning in Japan |
| title_sort | 3d interferometer type lightning mapping array for observation of winter lightning in japan |
| topic | lightning winter lightning lightning mapping array interferometer preliminary breakdown positive return stroke |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1923 |
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