Human Serum Betaine and Associated Biomarker Concentrations Following a 14 Day Supplemental Betaine Loading Protocol and during a 28 Day Washout Period: A Pilot Investigation
Several previous investigations have employed betaine supplementation in randomized controlled crossover designs to assess its ostensible ergogenic potential. Nevertheless, prior methodology is predicated on limited pharmacokinetic data and an appropriate betaine-specific washout period is hitherto...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/498 |
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| author | Steven B. Machek Emilia E. Zawieja Jeffery L. Heileson Dillon R. Harris Dylan T. Wilburn Emma A. Fletcher Jason M. Cholewa Artur Szwengiel Agata Chmurzynska Darryn S. Willoughby |
| author_facet | Steven B. Machek Emilia E. Zawieja Jeffery L. Heileson Dillon R. Harris Dylan T. Wilburn Emma A. Fletcher Jason M. Cholewa Artur Szwengiel Agata Chmurzynska Darryn S. Willoughby |
| author_sort | Steven B. Machek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Several previous investigations have employed betaine supplementation in randomized controlled crossover designs to assess its ostensible ergogenic potential. Nevertheless, prior methodology is predicated on limited pharmacokinetic data and an appropriate betaine-specific washout period is hitherto undescribed. The purpose of the present pilot investigation was therein to determine whether a 28 day washout period was sufficient to return serum betaine concentrations to baseline following a supplementation protocol. Five resistance-trained men (26 ± 6 y) supplemented with 6 g/day betaine anhydrous for 14 days and subsequently visited the lab 10 additional times during a 28 day washout period. Participants underwent venipuncture to assess serum betaine and several other parameters before (PRE) and periodically throughout the washout timeframe (POST0, -4, -7, -10, -13, -16, -19, -22, -25 and -28). All analyses were performed at a significance level of <i>p</i> < 0.05. While analyses failed to detect any differences in any other serum biomarker (<i>p</i> > 0.05), serum betaine was significantly elevated from PRE-to-POST0 (<i>p</i> = 0.047; 2.31 ± 1.05 to 11.1 ± 4.91 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) and was statistically indistinguishable from baseline at POST4 (<i>p</i> = 1.00). Nevertheless, visual data assessment and an inability to assess skeletal muscle concentrations would otherwise suggest that a more conservative 7 day washout period is sufficient to truly return both serum-and-skeletal muscle betaine content to pre-supplementation levels. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:22:37Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:22:37Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-9360975efb674da9869dd6e0cc0932e52023-11-23T17:24:49ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-01-0114349810.3390/nu14030498Human Serum Betaine and Associated Biomarker Concentrations Following a 14 Day Supplemental Betaine Loading Protocol and during a 28 Day Washout Period: A Pilot InvestigationSteven B. Machek0Emilia E. Zawieja1Jeffery L. Heileson2Dillon R. Harris3Dylan T. Wilburn4Emma A. Fletcher5Jason M. Cholewa6Artur Szwengiel7Agata Chmurzynska8Darryn S. Willoughby9Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USADepartment of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USADepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USADepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USADepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USAExercise Physiology Department, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA 24501, USAInstitute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, The Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USASeveral previous investigations have employed betaine supplementation in randomized controlled crossover designs to assess its ostensible ergogenic potential. Nevertheless, prior methodology is predicated on limited pharmacokinetic data and an appropriate betaine-specific washout period is hitherto undescribed. The purpose of the present pilot investigation was therein to determine whether a 28 day washout period was sufficient to return serum betaine concentrations to baseline following a supplementation protocol. Five resistance-trained men (26 ± 6 y) supplemented with 6 g/day betaine anhydrous for 14 days and subsequently visited the lab 10 additional times during a 28 day washout period. Participants underwent venipuncture to assess serum betaine and several other parameters before (PRE) and periodically throughout the washout timeframe (POST0, -4, -7, -10, -13, -16, -19, -22, -25 and -28). All analyses were performed at a significance level of <i>p</i> < 0.05. While analyses failed to detect any differences in any other serum biomarker (<i>p</i> > 0.05), serum betaine was significantly elevated from PRE-to-POST0 (<i>p</i> = 0.047; 2.31 ± 1.05 to 11.1 ± 4.91 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) and was statistically indistinguishable from baseline at POST4 (<i>p</i> = 1.00). Nevertheless, visual data assessment and an inability to assess skeletal muscle concentrations would otherwise suggest that a more conservative 7 day washout period is sufficient to truly return both serum-and-skeletal muscle betaine content to pre-supplementation levels.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/498betainetrimethylglycinewashoutserumhomocysteineinsulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) |
| spellingShingle | Steven B. Machek Emilia E. Zawieja Jeffery L. Heileson Dillon R. Harris Dylan T. Wilburn Emma A. Fletcher Jason M. Cholewa Artur Szwengiel Agata Chmurzynska Darryn S. Willoughby Human Serum Betaine and Associated Biomarker Concentrations Following a 14 Day Supplemental Betaine Loading Protocol and during a 28 Day Washout Period: A Pilot Investigation Nutrients betaine trimethylglycine washout serum homocysteine insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) |
| title | Human Serum Betaine and Associated Biomarker Concentrations Following a 14 Day Supplemental Betaine Loading Protocol and during a 28 Day Washout Period: A Pilot Investigation |
| title_full | Human Serum Betaine and Associated Biomarker Concentrations Following a 14 Day Supplemental Betaine Loading Protocol and during a 28 Day Washout Period: A Pilot Investigation |
| title_fullStr | Human Serum Betaine and Associated Biomarker Concentrations Following a 14 Day Supplemental Betaine Loading Protocol and during a 28 Day Washout Period: A Pilot Investigation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Serum Betaine and Associated Biomarker Concentrations Following a 14 Day Supplemental Betaine Loading Protocol and during a 28 Day Washout Period: A Pilot Investigation |
| title_short | Human Serum Betaine and Associated Biomarker Concentrations Following a 14 Day Supplemental Betaine Loading Protocol and during a 28 Day Washout Period: A Pilot Investigation |
| title_sort | human serum betaine and associated biomarker concentrations following a 14 day supplemental betaine loading protocol and during a 28 day washout period a pilot investigation |
| topic | betaine trimethylglycine washout serum homocysteine insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/498 |
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