Gene Expression, Activity and Localization of Beta-Galactosidases during Late Ripening and Postharvest Storage of Tomato Fruit
Beta-galactosidases (<i>β-GAL</i>s) hold a key role in both fruit softening and the increase of total soluble solids during maturation. Despite determining both quality and potential postharvest longevity, <i>β-GAL</i> activity during ripening, with a special focus on the pos...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/6/778 |
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| author | Dimitrios Fanourakis Nikolaos Nikoloudakis Konstantinos Paschalidis Miltiadis V. Christopoulos Eleni Goumenaki Eleni Tsantili Costas Delis Georgios Tsaniklidis |
| author_facet | Dimitrios Fanourakis Nikolaos Nikoloudakis Konstantinos Paschalidis Miltiadis V. Christopoulos Eleni Goumenaki Eleni Tsantili Costas Delis Georgios Tsaniklidis |
| author_sort | Dimitrios Fanourakis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Beta-galactosidases (<i>β-GAL</i>s) hold a key role in both fruit softening and the increase of total soluble solids during maturation. Despite determining both quality and potential postharvest longevity, <i>β-GAL</i> activity during ripening, with a special focus on the postharvest period, has not been adequately addressed in a spatial and temporal manner. This study focused on the regulation of gene expression in relation to the total <i>β-GAL</i> enzyme activity during the ripening of tomato fruit attached on the plant, as well as harvested fruit ripened for 5 d at 4, 10, or 25 °C. The transcription of genes coding for <i>β-GAL</i> isoenzymes was significantly affected by both the fruit maturation stage (unripe vs. red ripe) and postharvest storage temperature. Cold stressed tomatoes (4 °C) exhibited a remarkably higher transcription of most <i>β-GAL</i> genes compared to on-plant red ripe fruit and to fruit exposed to either 10 or 25 °C, indicating a low temperature response. However, enzymatic activity and water-soluble pectin content increased with elevated temperature exposure, peaking in fruit stored at 25 °C. <i>β-GAL</i> activity was present in the pericarp, while it was less detected in locular parenchyma. These findings highlight the dual role of <i>β-GAL</i> not only in maturation, but also in the metabolism during postharvest homeostasis and cold acclimation of tomato fruit. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:41:21Z |
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| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:41:21Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-936f941aa8344f2ba82fc3f215a6a3dd2023-11-23T15:06:32ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722022-05-0112677810.3390/agriculture12060778Gene Expression, Activity and Localization of Beta-Galactosidases during Late Ripening and Postharvest Storage of Tomato FruitDimitrios Fanourakis0Nikolaos Nikoloudakis1Konstantinos Paschalidis2Miltiadis V. Christopoulos3Eleni Goumenaki4Eleni Tsantili5Costas Delis6Georgios Tsaniklidis7Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Landscape and Environment, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, GreeceDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Anexartisias 57, Pareas Building, P.O. Box 50329, 3603 Lemesos, CyprusLaboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Landscape and Environment, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, GreeceInstitute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization ‘ELGO-Dimitra’ Sofokli Venizelou 1, Likovrisi, 14123 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Landscape and Environment, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, GreeceLaboratory of Pomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, GreeceInstitute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization ‘ELGO-Dimitra’, Kastorias, 32A, 71307 Heraklion, GreeceBeta-galactosidases (<i>β-GAL</i>s) hold a key role in both fruit softening and the increase of total soluble solids during maturation. Despite determining both quality and potential postharvest longevity, <i>β-GAL</i> activity during ripening, with a special focus on the postharvest period, has not been adequately addressed in a spatial and temporal manner. This study focused on the regulation of gene expression in relation to the total <i>β-GAL</i> enzyme activity during the ripening of tomato fruit attached on the plant, as well as harvested fruit ripened for 5 d at 4, 10, or 25 °C. The transcription of genes coding for <i>β-GAL</i> isoenzymes was significantly affected by both the fruit maturation stage (unripe vs. red ripe) and postharvest storage temperature. Cold stressed tomatoes (4 °C) exhibited a remarkably higher transcription of most <i>β-GAL</i> genes compared to on-plant red ripe fruit and to fruit exposed to either 10 or 25 °C, indicating a low temperature response. However, enzymatic activity and water-soluble pectin content increased with elevated temperature exposure, peaking in fruit stored at 25 °C. <i>β-GAL</i> activity was present in the pericarp, while it was less detected in locular parenchyma. These findings highlight the dual role of <i>β-GAL</i> not only in maturation, but also in the metabolism during postharvest homeostasis and cold acclimation of tomato fruit.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/6/778beta-galactosidasecold stressfruit qualitygene expression<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.soluble pectins |
| spellingShingle | Dimitrios Fanourakis Nikolaos Nikoloudakis Konstantinos Paschalidis Miltiadis V. Christopoulos Eleni Goumenaki Eleni Tsantili Costas Delis Georgios Tsaniklidis Gene Expression, Activity and Localization of Beta-Galactosidases during Late Ripening and Postharvest Storage of Tomato Fruit Agriculture beta-galactosidase cold stress fruit quality gene expression <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L. soluble pectins |
| title | Gene Expression, Activity and Localization of Beta-Galactosidases during Late Ripening and Postharvest Storage of Tomato Fruit |
| title_full | Gene Expression, Activity and Localization of Beta-Galactosidases during Late Ripening and Postharvest Storage of Tomato Fruit |
| title_fullStr | Gene Expression, Activity and Localization of Beta-Galactosidases during Late Ripening and Postharvest Storage of Tomato Fruit |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gene Expression, Activity and Localization of Beta-Galactosidases during Late Ripening and Postharvest Storage of Tomato Fruit |
| title_short | Gene Expression, Activity and Localization of Beta-Galactosidases during Late Ripening and Postharvest Storage of Tomato Fruit |
| title_sort | gene expression activity and localization of beta galactosidases during late ripening and postharvest storage of tomato fruit |
| topic | beta-galactosidase cold stress fruit quality gene expression <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L. soluble pectins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/6/778 |
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