Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies—A Revisit
Mycotoxins are produced by fungi and are known to be toxic to humans and animals. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, patulin, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, trichothecenes, <i>Alternaria</i> toxins, tremorgenic mycoto...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/6/1279 |
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| author | Chinaza Godswill Awuchi Erick Nyakundi Ondari Chukwuka U. Ogbonna Anjani K. Upadhyay Katarzyna Baran Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala Małgorzata Korzeniowska Raquel P. F. Guiné |
| author_facet | Chinaza Godswill Awuchi Erick Nyakundi Ondari Chukwuka U. Ogbonna Anjani K. Upadhyay Katarzyna Baran Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala Małgorzata Korzeniowska Raquel P. F. Guiné |
| author_sort | Chinaza Godswill Awuchi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mycotoxins are produced by fungi and are known to be toxic to humans and animals. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, patulin, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, trichothecenes, <i>Alternaria</i> toxins, tremorgenic mycotoxins, fusarins, 3-nitropropionic acid, cyclochlorotine, sporidesmin, etc. These mycotoxins can pose several health risks to both animals and humans, including death. As several mycotoxins simultaneously occur in nature, especially in foods and feeds, the detoxification and/or total removal of mycotoxins remains challenging. Moreover, given that the volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins is steadily on the rise, there is need for continuous synthesis of the body of knowledge. To supplement existing information, knowledge of mycotoxins affecting animals, foods, humans, and plants, with more focus on types, toxicity, and prevention measures, including strategies employed in detoxification and removal, were revisited in this work. Our synthesis revealed that mycotoxin decontamination, control, and detoxification strategies cut across pre-and post-harvest preventive measures. In particular, pre-harvest measures can include good agricultural practices, fertilization/irrigation, crop rotation, using resistant varieties of crops, avoiding insect damage, early harvesting, maintaining adequate humidity, and removing debris from the preceding harvests. On the other hand, post-harvest measures can include processing, chemical, biological, and physical measures. Additionally, chemical-based methods and other emerging strategies for mycotoxin detoxification can involve the usage of chitosan, ozone, nanoparticles, and plant extracts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:45:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-93707cf6925c4115a6c957effcc48f3d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:45:03Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-93707cf6925c4115a6c957effcc48f3d2023-11-21T22:42:17ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582021-06-01106127910.3390/foods10061279Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies—A RevisitChinaza Godswill Awuchi0Erick Nyakundi Ondari1Chukwuka U. Ogbonna2Anjani K. Upadhyay3Katarzyna Baran4Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala5Małgorzata Korzeniowska6Raquel P. F. Guiné7Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, UgandaDepartment of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, UgandaDepartment of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, NigeriaSchool of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751019, Odisha, IndiaFaculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, PolandFaculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, PolandFaculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, PolandCERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, PortugalMycotoxins are produced by fungi and are known to be toxic to humans and animals. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, patulin, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, trichothecenes, <i>Alternaria</i> toxins, tremorgenic mycotoxins, fusarins, 3-nitropropionic acid, cyclochlorotine, sporidesmin, etc. These mycotoxins can pose several health risks to both animals and humans, including death. As several mycotoxins simultaneously occur in nature, especially in foods and feeds, the detoxification and/or total removal of mycotoxins remains challenging. Moreover, given that the volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins is steadily on the rise, there is need for continuous synthesis of the body of knowledge. To supplement existing information, knowledge of mycotoxins affecting animals, foods, humans, and plants, with more focus on types, toxicity, and prevention measures, including strategies employed in detoxification and removal, were revisited in this work. Our synthesis revealed that mycotoxin decontamination, control, and detoxification strategies cut across pre-and post-harvest preventive measures. In particular, pre-harvest measures can include good agricultural practices, fertilization/irrigation, crop rotation, using resistant varieties of crops, avoiding insect damage, early harvesting, maintaining adequate humidity, and removing debris from the preceding harvests. On the other hand, post-harvest measures can include processing, chemical, biological, and physical measures. Additionally, chemical-based methods and other emerging strategies for mycotoxin detoxification can involve the usage of chitosan, ozone, nanoparticles, and plant extracts.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/6/1279mycotoxinsfood productsaction mechanismstoxicity challengesdetoxificationprevention strategies |
| spellingShingle | Chinaza Godswill Awuchi Erick Nyakundi Ondari Chukwuka U. Ogbonna Anjani K. Upadhyay Katarzyna Baran Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala Małgorzata Korzeniowska Raquel P. F. Guiné Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies—A Revisit Foods mycotoxins food products action mechanisms toxicity challenges detoxification prevention strategies |
| title | Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies—A Revisit |
| title_full | Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies—A Revisit |
| title_fullStr | Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies—A Revisit |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies—A Revisit |
| title_short | Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies—A Revisit |
| title_sort | mycotoxins affecting animals foods humans and plants types occurrence toxicities action mechanisms prevention and detoxification strategies a revisit |
| topic | mycotoxins food products action mechanisms toxicity challenges detoxification prevention strategies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/6/1279 |
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