MELK is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in glioma
ObjectiveGlioma accounts for the vast majority of primary brain tumors with inevitable recurrence and poor prognosis. Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is overexpressed in multiple human tumors and could activate a variety of oncogenic-associated signal pathways. However, its role in t...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.977180/full |
| _version_ | 1797990859923259392 |
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| author | Haiyan Yang Huandi Zhou Guohui Wang Lei Tian Haonan Li Yufeng Zhang Xiaoying Xue |
| author_facet | Haiyan Yang Huandi Zhou Guohui Wang Lei Tian Haonan Li Yufeng Zhang Xiaoying Xue |
| author_sort | Haiyan Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ObjectiveGlioma accounts for the vast majority of primary brain tumors with inevitable recurrence and poor prognosis. Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is overexpressed in multiple human tumors and could activate a variety of oncogenic-associated signal pathways. However, its role in the glioma microenvironment is still largely unknown.MethodsWe collected the RNA sequence data and clinical information of gliomas from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, and investigated MELK expression and its correlation with clinicopathologic features and prognosis in glioma. Moreover, the relationship between MELK expression and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment of gliomas was explored through single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and CIBERSORT. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Metascape online analysis were performed to find out signaling pathways enriched by differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high- and low-MELK expression groups. Finally, immunohistochemistry was performed to validate our findings.ResultsData analysis of CGGA and GEO datasets showed that MELK was significantly upregulated in gliomas than in normal brain tissues, and MELK expression was obviously correlated with clinicopathologic features, including age, WHO grade, histological subtype, IDH mutant status, 1p19q codeletion status, and PRS type. Stratified analysis, Cox regression analysis, and nomogram model revealed that high expression of MELK predicted poor survival; hence, MELK could serve as an independent prognostic biomarker for glioma. Moreover, results from enrichment pathway analysis indicated that the immune system process, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle, and other oncogenic-related signal pathways were significantly enriched between high- and low-MELK expression groups. Immune infiltration analysis demonstrated that increased MELK expression was significantly correlated with higher immune scores, higher fractions of immunocytes (T cells, NK cells resting, macrophages, resting mast cells, and neutrophils), and higher expression levels of immune checkpoints (B7-H3, CTLA4, LAG3, PD-1, PD-L1, and TIM3). Finally, immunohistochemistry analysis validated our findings that high expression of MELK relates to increased malignancy and poor prognosis of glioma.ConclusionOur findings identified that MELK could act as an independent prognostic indicator and potential immunotherapy target for glioma. In conclusion, these findings suggested that DDOST mediated the immunosuppressive microenvironment of gliomas and could be an important biomarker in diagnosing and treating gliomas. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:43:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-938739abedbe4e319cb4f84cca60318e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2295 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:43:20Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Neurology |
| spelling | doaj.art-938739abedbe4e319cb4f84cca60318e2022-12-22T04:34:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952022-10-011310.3389/fneur.2022.977180977180MELK is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in gliomaHaiyan Yang0Huandi Zhou1Guohui Wang2Lei Tian3Haonan Li4Yufeng Zhang5Xiaoying Xue6Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, ChinaObjectiveGlioma accounts for the vast majority of primary brain tumors with inevitable recurrence and poor prognosis. Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is overexpressed in multiple human tumors and could activate a variety of oncogenic-associated signal pathways. However, its role in the glioma microenvironment is still largely unknown.MethodsWe collected the RNA sequence data and clinical information of gliomas from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, and investigated MELK expression and its correlation with clinicopathologic features and prognosis in glioma. Moreover, the relationship between MELK expression and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment of gliomas was explored through single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and CIBERSORT. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Metascape online analysis were performed to find out signaling pathways enriched by differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high- and low-MELK expression groups. Finally, immunohistochemistry was performed to validate our findings.ResultsData analysis of CGGA and GEO datasets showed that MELK was significantly upregulated in gliomas than in normal brain tissues, and MELK expression was obviously correlated with clinicopathologic features, including age, WHO grade, histological subtype, IDH mutant status, 1p19q codeletion status, and PRS type. Stratified analysis, Cox regression analysis, and nomogram model revealed that high expression of MELK predicted poor survival; hence, MELK could serve as an independent prognostic biomarker for glioma. Moreover, results from enrichment pathway analysis indicated that the immune system process, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle, and other oncogenic-related signal pathways were significantly enriched between high- and low-MELK expression groups. Immune infiltration analysis demonstrated that increased MELK expression was significantly correlated with higher immune scores, higher fractions of immunocytes (T cells, NK cells resting, macrophages, resting mast cells, and neutrophils), and higher expression levels of immune checkpoints (B7-H3, CTLA4, LAG3, PD-1, PD-L1, and TIM3). Finally, immunohistochemistry analysis validated our findings that high expression of MELK relates to increased malignancy and poor prognosis of glioma.ConclusionOur findings identified that MELK could act as an independent prognostic indicator and potential immunotherapy target for glioma. In conclusion, these findings suggested that DDOST mediated the immunosuppressive microenvironment of gliomas and could be an important biomarker in diagnosing and treating gliomas.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.977180/fullgliomaMELKprognosistumor microenvironmentimmune infiltration |
| spellingShingle | Haiyan Yang Huandi Zhou Guohui Wang Lei Tian Haonan Li Yufeng Zhang Xiaoying Xue MELK is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in glioma Frontiers in Neurology glioma MELK prognosis tumor microenvironment immune infiltration |
| title | MELK is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in glioma |
| title_full | MELK is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in glioma |
| title_fullStr | MELK is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in glioma |
| title_full_unstemmed | MELK is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in glioma |
| title_short | MELK is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in glioma |
| title_sort | melk is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in glioma |
| topic | glioma MELK prognosis tumor microenvironment immune infiltration |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.977180/full |
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