Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Amphibians From 2000 to 2021: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Chytridiomycosis is an amphibian fungal disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which has caused large-scale death and population declines on several continents around the world. To determine the current status of Bd infection in amphibians, we conducted a global meta-analysis. Using...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-12-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.791237/full |
| _version_ | 1831716983081533440 |
|---|---|
| author | Zhongle Li Zhongle Li Qi Wang Keping Sun Keping Sun Jiang Feng Jiang Feng |
| author_facet | Zhongle Li Zhongle Li Qi Wang Keping Sun Keping Sun Jiang Feng Jiang Feng |
| author_sort | Zhongle Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chytridiomycosis is an amphibian fungal disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which has caused large-scale death and population declines on several continents around the world. To determine the current status of Bd infection in amphibians, we conducted a global meta-analysis. Using PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang database searches, we retrieved a total of 111 articles from 2000 to 2021. Based on these, we estimated the Bd prevalence to be 18.54% (95% CI: 13.76–20.52) in current extent amphibians. Among these populations, the prevalence of Bd in Asia was the lowest at 7.88% (95% CI: 1.92–8.71). Further, no Bd infection was found in Vietnam. However, the prevalence of Bd in Oceania was the highest at 36.34% (95% CI: 11.31–46.52). The Bd prevalence in Venezuela was as high as 49.77% (95% CI: 45.92–53.62). After 2009, the global Bd prevalence decreased to 18.91% (95% CI: 13.23–21.56). The prevalence of Bd in epizootic populations was significantly higher than enzootic populations. The highest prevalence of Bd was detected with real-time PCR at 20.11% (95% CI: 13.12–21.38). The prevalence of Bd in frogs was the highest at 20.04% (95% CI: 13.52–21.71), and this different host was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At the same time, we analyzed the geographic factors (longitude, latitude, elevation, rainfall and temperature) that impacted the fungal prevalence in amphibians. Our meta-analysis revealed that factors including region, disease dynamic, detection method, host and climate may be sources of the observed heterogeneity. These results indicate that chytridiomycosis was a consistent threat to amphibians from 2000 to 2021. Based on different habitat types and geographical conditions, we recommend formulating corresponding control plans and adopting reasonable and efficient biological or chemical methods to reduce the severity of such diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T00:48:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9393ab98a9f140ceb992667644f0cf91 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-1769 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T00:48:54Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-9393ab98a9f140ceb992667644f0cf912022-12-21T19:21:26ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692021-12-01810.3389/fvets.2021.791237791237Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Amphibians From 2000 to 2021: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisZhongle Li0Zhongle Li1Qi Wang2Keping Sun3Keping Sun4Jiang Feng5Jiang Feng6Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, ChinaJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, ChinaKey Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, ChinaJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, ChinaChytridiomycosis is an amphibian fungal disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which has caused large-scale death and population declines on several continents around the world. To determine the current status of Bd infection in amphibians, we conducted a global meta-analysis. Using PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang database searches, we retrieved a total of 111 articles from 2000 to 2021. Based on these, we estimated the Bd prevalence to be 18.54% (95% CI: 13.76–20.52) in current extent amphibians. Among these populations, the prevalence of Bd in Asia was the lowest at 7.88% (95% CI: 1.92–8.71). Further, no Bd infection was found in Vietnam. However, the prevalence of Bd in Oceania was the highest at 36.34% (95% CI: 11.31–46.52). The Bd prevalence in Venezuela was as high as 49.77% (95% CI: 45.92–53.62). After 2009, the global Bd prevalence decreased to 18.91% (95% CI: 13.23–21.56). The prevalence of Bd in epizootic populations was significantly higher than enzootic populations. The highest prevalence of Bd was detected with real-time PCR at 20.11% (95% CI: 13.12–21.38). The prevalence of Bd in frogs was the highest at 20.04% (95% CI: 13.52–21.71), and this different host was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At the same time, we analyzed the geographic factors (longitude, latitude, elevation, rainfall and temperature) that impacted the fungal prevalence in amphibians. Our meta-analysis revealed that factors including region, disease dynamic, detection method, host and climate may be sources of the observed heterogeneity. These results indicate that chytridiomycosis was a consistent threat to amphibians from 2000 to 2021. Based on different habitat types and geographical conditions, we recommend formulating corresponding control plans and adopting reasonable and efficient biological or chemical methods to reduce the severity of such diseases.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.791237/fullBatrachochytrium dendrobatidismeta-analysisamphibianschytridiomycosisprevalence |
| spellingShingle | Zhongle Li Zhongle Li Qi Wang Keping Sun Keping Sun Jiang Feng Jiang Feng Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Amphibians From 2000 to 2021: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Frontiers in Veterinary Science Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis meta-analysis amphibians chytridiomycosis prevalence |
| title | Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Amphibians From 2000 to 2021: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full | Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Amphibians From 2000 to 2021: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Amphibians From 2000 to 2021: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Amphibians From 2000 to 2021: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_short | Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Amphibians From 2000 to 2021: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_sort | prevalence of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians from 2000 to 2021 a global systematic review and meta analysis |
| topic | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis meta-analysis amphibians chytridiomycosis prevalence |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.791237/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zhongleli prevalenceofbatrachochytriumdendrobatidisinamphibiansfrom2000to2021aglobalsystematicreviewandmetaanalysis AT zhongleli prevalenceofbatrachochytriumdendrobatidisinamphibiansfrom2000to2021aglobalsystematicreviewandmetaanalysis AT qiwang prevalenceofbatrachochytriumdendrobatidisinamphibiansfrom2000to2021aglobalsystematicreviewandmetaanalysis AT kepingsun prevalenceofbatrachochytriumdendrobatidisinamphibiansfrom2000to2021aglobalsystematicreviewandmetaanalysis AT kepingsun prevalenceofbatrachochytriumdendrobatidisinamphibiansfrom2000to2021aglobalsystematicreviewandmetaanalysis AT jiangfeng prevalenceofbatrachochytriumdendrobatidisinamphibiansfrom2000to2021aglobalsystematicreviewandmetaanalysis AT jiangfeng prevalenceofbatrachochytriumdendrobatidisinamphibiansfrom2000to2021aglobalsystematicreviewandmetaanalysis |