Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity
The rise in obesity over the last several decades has reached pandemic proportions. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ that is involved in energy expenditure and represents an attractive target to combat both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Cold exposure and exercise training are two sti...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-02-01
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| Series: | Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/8/1/9 |
| _version_ | 1797726729313189888 |
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| author | Carmem Peres Valgas da Silva Diego Hernández-Saavedra Joseph D. White Kristin I. Stanford |
| author_facet | Carmem Peres Valgas da Silva Diego Hernández-Saavedra Joseph D. White Kristin I. Stanford |
| author_sort | Carmem Peres Valgas da Silva |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The rise in obesity over the last several decades has reached pandemic proportions. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ that is involved in energy expenditure and represents an attractive target to combat both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Cold exposure and exercise training are two stimuli that have been investigated with respect to BAT activation, metabolism, and the contribution of BAT to metabolic health. These two stimuli are of great interest because they have both disparate and converging effects on BAT activation and metabolism. Cold exposure is an effective mechanism to stimulate BAT activity and increase glucose and lipid uptake through mitochondrial uncoupling, resulting in metabolic benefits including elevated energy expenditure and increased insulin sensitivity. Exercise is a therapeutic tool that has marked benefits on systemic metabolism and affects several tissues, including BAT. Compared to cold exposure, studies focused on BAT metabolism and exercise display conflicting results; the majority of studies in rodents and humans demonstrate a reduction in BAT activity and reduced glucose and lipid uptake and storage. In addition to investigations of energy uptake and utilization, recent studies have focused on the effects of cold exposure and exercise on the structural lipids in BAT and secreted factors released from BAT, termed batokines. Cold exposure and exercise induce opposite responses in terms of structural lipids, but an important overlap exists between the effects of cold and exercise on batokines. In this review, we will discuss the similarities and differences of cold exposure and exercise in relation to their effects on BAT activity and metabolism and its relevance for the prevention of obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T10:49:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-93a09aa436a84c76bd2e1a91286b1453 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T10:49:40Z |
| publishDate | 2019-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-93a09aa436a84c76bd2e1a91286b14532023-09-02T07:09:44ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372019-02-0181910.3390/biology8010009biology8010009Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat ObesityCarmem Peres Valgas da Silva0Diego Hernández-Saavedra1Joseph D. White2Kristin I. Stanford3Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USADorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USADorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USADorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USAThe rise in obesity over the last several decades has reached pandemic proportions. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ that is involved in energy expenditure and represents an attractive target to combat both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Cold exposure and exercise training are two stimuli that have been investigated with respect to BAT activation, metabolism, and the contribution of BAT to metabolic health. These two stimuli are of great interest because they have both disparate and converging effects on BAT activation and metabolism. Cold exposure is an effective mechanism to stimulate BAT activity and increase glucose and lipid uptake through mitochondrial uncoupling, resulting in metabolic benefits including elevated energy expenditure and increased insulin sensitivity. Exercise is a therapeutic tool that has marked benefits on systemic metabolism and affects several tissues, including BAT. Compared to cold exposure, studies focused on BAT metabolism and exercise display conflicting results; the majority of studies in rodents and humans demonstrate a reduction in BAT activity and reduced glucose and lipid uptake and storage. In addition to investigations of energy uptake and utilization, recent studies have focused on the effects of cold exposure and exercise on the structural lipids in BAT and secreted factors released from BAT, termed batokines. Cold exposure and exercise induce opposite responses in terms of structural lipids, but an important overlap exists between the effects of cold and exercise on batokines. In this review, we will discuss the similarities and differences of cold exposure and exercise in relation to their effects on BAT activity and metabolism and its relevance for the prevention of obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/8/1/9brown adipose tissuecoldexerciseglucoselipidsphospholipids12,13-diHOMEFGF21VEGFobesity |
| spellingShingle | Carmem Peres Valgas da Silva Diego Hernández-Saavedra Joseph D. White Kristin I. Stanford Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity Biology brown adipose tissue cold exercise glucose lipids phospholipids 12,13-diHOME FGF21 VEGF obesity |
| title | Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity |
| title_full | Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity |
| title_fullStr | Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity |
| title_short | Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity |
| title_sort | cold and exercise therapeutic tools to activate brown adipose tissue and combat obesity |
| topic | brown adipose tissue cold exercise glucose lipids phospholipids 12,13-diHOME FGF21 VEGF obesity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/8/1/9 |
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