Development and psychometric evaluation of the Khaini Smokeless Tobacco Dependence Scale
Introduction Khaini is a smokeless tobacco (SLT) product commonly used in the South-Asian region. It is the most common smokeless tobacco product used in India, having a prevalence of 11.2% and is used by 104.1 million adults. No scales exist to assess khaini dependence. Existing scales available to...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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European Publishing
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Tobacco Induced Diseases |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.tobaccoinduceddiseases.org/Development-and-psychometric-evaluation-of-the-Khaini-nSmokeless-Tobacco-Dependence,160073,0,2.html |
| _version_ | 1797821778463031296 |
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| author | Vaibhav P. Thawal Christine Paul Erin Nolan Flora Tzelepis |
| author_facet | Vaibhav P. Thawal Christine Paul Erin Nolan Flora Tzelepis |
| author_sort | Vaibhav P. Thawal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction
Khaini is a smokeless tobacco (SLT) product commonly used in the
South-Asian region. It is the most common smokeless tobacco product used in
India, having a prevalence of 11.2% and is used by 104.1 million adults. No scales
exist to assess khaini dependence. Existing scales available to assess dependence
on smokeless tobacco products are not ideal as these are adapted from cigarette
dependence scales and developed for western populations. This study aimed to
develop a khaini dependence scale and assess its reliability and validity.
Methods
Recommended methods for scale development were followed for item
development, scale development and scale evaluation. Scale development was
guided by a theoretical framework, a review of existing scales and in-depth
interviews with 21 khaini users recruited from a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai,
India. The process involved the identification of domains for dependence and the
development of an item pool. Cognitive interviews and pre-testing were conducted
with 20 khaini users to assess content validity. A cross-sectional survey with 323
khaini users was conducted, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to
determine the factor structure of the draft scale. The content validity, criterion
validity (by cross-referencing with the cotinine level of users), convergent validity
and internal consistency of the new scale were assessed.
Results
The final version of the Khaini SLT Dependence Scale (KSLTDS) had 20
items. EFA indicated an acceptable goodness of fit for a three-factor structure
with physical, psychological and sociocultural-behavioral sub-scales. It showed
evidence of acceptable criterion validity with cotinine (ρ=0.43, p=0.0002),
convergent validity with FTND-ST (ρ=0.51, p<0.0001) and frequency of khaini
use (ρ=0.38, p<0.0001). The sub-scales (α=0.87–0.90) showed acceptable
internal consistency.
Conclusions
The psychometric evaluation of the KSLTDS showed preliminary
validity and reliability for assessing dependence on khaini, and therefore, it is
appropriate for clinical and research purposes. Re-validation studies are required
with various khaini user populations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T09:58:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-93a23c3836a54b61803b07928bfe9f8f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1617-9625 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T09:58:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | European Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Tobacco Induced Diseases |
| spelling | doaj.art-93a23c3836a54b61803b07928bfe9f8f2023-05-23T11:04:20ZengEuropean PublishingTobacco Induced Diseases1617-96252023-03-0121March11410.18332/tid/160073160073Development and psychometric evaluation of the Khaini Smokeless Tobacco Dependence ScaleVaibhav P. Thawal0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5825-8077Christine Paul1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0504-5246Erin Nolan2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6811-1167Flora Tzelepis3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9914-2732School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, AustraliaHunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, AustraliaIntroduction Khaini is a smokeless tobacco (SLT) product commonly used in the South-Asian region. It is the most common smokeless tobacco product used in India, having a prevalence of 11.2% and is used by 104.1 million adults. No scales exist to assess khaini dependence. Existing scales available to assess dependence on smokeless tobacco products are not ideal as these are adapted from cigarette dependence scales and developed for western populations. This study aimed to develop a khaini dependence scale and assess its reliability and validity. Methods Recommended methods for scale development were followed for item development, scale development and scale evaluation. Scale development was guided by a theoretical framework, a review of existing scales and in-depth interviews with 21 khaini users recruited from a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India. The process involved the identification of domains for dependence and the development of an item pool. Cognitive interviews and pre-testing were conducted with 20 khaini users to assess content validity. A cross-sectional survey with 323 khaini users was conducted, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to determine the factor structure of the draft scale. The content validity, criterion validity (by cross-referencing with the cotinine level of users), convergent validity and internal consistency of the new scale were assessed. Results The final version of the Khaini SLT Dependence Scale (KSLTDS) had 20 items. EFA indicated an acceptable goodness of fit for a three-factor structure with physical, psychological and sociocultural-behavioral sub-scales. It showed evidence of acceptable criterion validity with cotinine (ρ=0.43, p=0.0002), convergent validity with FTND-ST (ρ=0.51, p<0.0001) and frequency of khaini use (ρ=0.38, p<0.0001). The sub-scales (α=0.87–0.90) showed acceptable internal consistency. Conclusions The psychometric evaluation of the KSLTDS showed preliminary validity and reliability for assessing dependence on khaini, and therefore, it is appropriate for clinical and research purposes. Re-validation studies are required with various khaini user populations.http://www.tobaccoinduceddiseases.org/Development-and-psychometric-evaluation-of-the-Khaini-nSmokeless-Tobacco-Dependence,160073,0,2.htmldependencepsychometric propertiesscale developmentkhainismokeless tobacco |
| spellingShingle | Vaibhav P. Thawal Christine Paul Erin Nolan Flora Tzelepis Development and psychometric evaluation of the Khaini Smokeless Tobacco Dependence Scale Tobacco Induced Diseases dependence psychometric properties scale development khaini smokeless tobacco |
| title | Development and psychometric evaluation of the Khaini
Smokeless Tobacco Dependence Scale |
| title_full | Development and psychometric evaluation of the Khaini
Smokeless Tobacco Dependence Scale |
| title_fullStr | Development and psychometric evaluation of the Khaini
Smokeless Tobacco Dependence Scale |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development and psychometric evaluation of the Khaini
Smokeless Tobacco Dependence Scale |
| title_short | Development and psychometric evaluation of the Khaini
Smokeless Tobacco Dependence Scale |
| title_sort | development and psychometric evaluation of the khaini smokeless tobacco dependence scale |
| topic | dependence psychometric properties scale development khaini smokeless tobacco |
| url | http://www.tobaccoinduceddiseases.org/Development-and-psychometric-evaluation-of-the-Khaini-nSmokeless-Tobacco-Dependence,160073,0,2.html |
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