The flexural strength of bonded ice
<p>The flexural strength of ice surfaces bonded by freezing, termed freeze bond, was studied by performing four-point bending tests of bonded freshwater S2 columnar-grained ice samples in the laboratory. The samples were prepared by milling the surfaces of two ice pieces, wetting two of the su...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2021-06-01
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| Series: | The Cryosphere |
| Online Access: | https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/2957/2021/tc-15-2957-2021.pdf |
| Summary: | <p>The flexural strength of ice surfaces bonded by freezing, termed
freeze bond, was studied by performing four-point bending tests of bonded
freshwater S2 columnar-grained ice samples in the laboratory. The samples
were prepared by milling the surfaces of two ice pieces, wetting two of the
surfaces with water of varying salinity, bringing these surfaces together,
and then letting them freeze under a compressive stress of about 4 kPa. The
salinity of the water used for wetting the surfaces to generate the bond
varied from 0 to 35 ppt (parts per thousand). Freezing occurred in air under temperatures varying
from <span class="inline-formula">−</span>25 to <span class="inline-formula">−</span>3 <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C over periods that varied from 0.5 to
<span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 100 h. Results show that an increase in bond salinity or
temperature leads to a decrease in bond strength. The trend for the bond
strength as a function of salinity is similar to that presented in Timco and
O'Brien (1994) for saline ice. No freezing occurs at <span class="inline-formula">−</span>3 <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C once
the salinity of the water used to generate the bond exceeds <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 25 ppt. The strength of the saline ice bonds levels off (i.e., saturates)
within 6–12 h of freezing; bonds formed from freshwater reach strengths
that are comparable or higher than that of the parent material in less than
0.5 h.</p> |
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| ISSN: | 1994-0416 1994-0424 |