Carboxymethylated <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> Polysaccharides Regulate Calcium Oxalate Crystals Growth and Reduce the Regulated Crystals’ Cytotoxicity
Objective: This study explored the effects of polysaccharides (RAPD) extracted from the traditional anti-stone Chinese medicine <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> and their carboxymethylated derivatives (RAPs) on the crystal phase, morphology, and size of calcium oxalate (CaOx). It also determined...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/7/1044 |
| _version_ | 1797590110757191680 |
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| author | Xiao-Yan Cheng Jian-Ming Ouyang |
| author_facet | Xiao-Yan Cheng Jian-Ming Ouyang |
| author_sort | Xiao-Yan Cheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: This study explored the effects of polysaccharides (RAPD) extracted from the traditional anti-stone Chinese medicine <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> and their carboxymethylated derivatives (RAPs) on the crystal phase, morphology, and size of calcium oxalate (CaOx). It also determined the damaging ability of the regulated crystals on human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). Methods: RAPD carboxymethylation with a carboxyl group (–COOH) content of 3.57% was carried out by the chloroacetic acid solvent method. The effects of –COOH content in RAPs and RAP concentration on the regulation of CaOx crystal growth were studied by controlling the variables. Cell experiments were conducted to explore the differences in the cytotoxicity of RAP-regulated crystals. Results: The –COOH contents of RAPD, RAP1, RAP2, and RAP3 were 3.57%, 7.79%, 10.84%, and 15.33%, respectively. RAPs can inhibit the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and induce the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). When the –COOH content in RAPs was high, their ability to induce COD formation was enhanced. In the crystals induced by RAPs, a high COD content can lower the damage to cells. In particular, the cytotoxicity of the crystals induced by RAP3 was the lowest. When the concentration of RAP3 increased, the cytotoxicity gradually increased due to the reduced size of the formed COD crystals. An interaction was observed between RAPs and crystals, and the number of RAPs adsorbed in the crystals was positively correlated with the –COOH content in RAPs. Conclusions: RAPs can reduce the damage of CaOx to HK-2 cells by regulating the crystallization of CaOx crystals and effectively reducing the risk of kidney stone formation. RAPs, especially RAP3 with a high carboxyl group content, has the potential to be developed as a novel green anti-stone drug. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:15:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-93fb15505e184d72812d90e6706c8671 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:15:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-93fb15505e184d72812d90e6706c86712023-11-18T18:30:36ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2023-06-01137104410.3390/biom13071044Carboxymethylated <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> Polysaccharides Regulate Calcium Oxalate Crystals Growth and Reduce the Regulated Crystals’ CytotoxicityXiao-Yan Cheng0Jian-Ming Ouyang1Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, ChinaInstitute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, ChinaObjective: This study explored the effects of polysaccharides (RAPD) extracted from the traditional anti-stone Chinese medicine <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> and their carboxymethylated derivatives (RAPs) on the crystal phase, morphology, and size of calcium oxalate (CaOx). It also determined the damaging ability of the regulated crystals on human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). Methods: RAPD carboxymethylation with a carboxyl group (–COOH) content of 3.57% was carried out by the chloroacetic acid solvent method. The effects of –COOH content in RAPs and RAP concentration on the regulation of CaOx crystal growth were studied by controlling the variables. Cell experiments were conducted to explore the differences in the cytotoxicity of RAP-regulated crystals. Results: The –COOH contents of RAPD, RAP1, RAP2, and RAP3 were 3.57%, 7.79%, 10.84%, and 15.33%, respectively. RAPs can inhibit the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and induce the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). When the –COOH content in RAPs was high, their ability to induce COD formation was enhanced. In the crystals induced by RAPs, a high COD content can lower the damage to cells. In particular, the cytotoxicity of the crystals induced by RAP3 was the lowest. When the concentration of RAP3 increased, the cytotoxicity gradually increased due to the reduced size of the formed COD crystals. An interaction was observed between RAPs and crystals, and the number of RAPs adsorbed in the crystals was positively correlated with the –COOH content in RAPs. Conclusions: RAPs can reduce the damage of CaOx to HK-2 cells by regulating the crystallization of CaOx crystals and effectively reducing the risk of kidney stone formation. RAPs, especially RAP3 with a high carboxyl group content, has the potential to be developed as a novel green anti-stone drug.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/7/1044<i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> polysaccharidecarboxymethylationcalcium oxalatecytotoxicitykidney stones |
| spellingShingle | Xiao-Yan Cheng Jian-Ming Ouyang Carboxymethylated <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> Polysaccharides Regulate Calcium Oxalate Crystals Growth and Reduce the Regulated Crystals’ Cytotoxicity Biomolecules <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> polysaccharide carboxymethylation calcium oxalate cytotoxicity kidney stones |
| title | Carboxymethylated <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> Polysaccharides Regulate Calcium Oxalate Crystals Growth and Reduce the Regulated Crystals’ Cytotoxicity |
| title_full | Carboxymethylated <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> Polysaccharides Regulate Calcium Oxalate Crystals Growth and Reduce the Regulated Crystals’ Cytotoxicity |
| title_fullStr | Carboxymethylated <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> Polysaccharides Regulate Calcium Oxalate Crystals Growth and Reduce the Regulated Crystals’ Cytotoxicity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carboxymethylated <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> Polysaccharides Regulate Calcium Oxalate Crystals Growth and Reduce the Regulated Crystals’ Cytotoxicity |
| title_short | Carboxymethylated <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> Polysaccharides Regulate Calcium Oxalate Crystals Growth and Reduce the Regulated Crystals’ Cytotoxicity |
| title_sort | carboxymethylated i rhizoma alismatis i polysaccharides regulate calcium oxalate crystals growth and reduce the regulated crystals cytotoxicity |
| topic | <i>Rhizoma alismatis</i> polysaccharide carboxymethylation calcium oxalate cytotoxicity kidney stones |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/7/1044 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT xiaoyancheng carboxymethylatedirhizomaalismatisipolysaccharidesregulatecalciumoxalatecrystalsgrowthandreducetheregulatedcrystalscytotoxicity AT jianmingouyang carboxymethylatedirhizomaalismatisipolysaccharidesregulatecalciumoxalatecrystalsgrowthandreducetheregulatedcrystalscytotoxicity |