Characterizing Meteorological Droughts in Nepal: A Comparative Analysis of Standardized Precipitation Index and Rainfall Anomaly Index

Drought is an environmental disaster related to the extremes (on a drier side) in hydrometeorology. The precipitation amount modulates drought in Nepalese river basins. It is vital for efficient water resources management to quantify and understand drought. This paper aims to characterize the drough...

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Main Authors: Anil Aryal, Manisha Maharjan, Rocky Talchabhadel, Bhesh Raj Thapa
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2022-03-01
Series:Earth
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4834/3/1/25
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author Anil Aryal
Manisha Maharjan
Rocky Talchabhadel
Bhesh Raj Thapa
author_facet Anil Aryal
Manisha Maharjan
Rocky Talchabhadel
Bhesh Raj Thapa
author_sort Anil Aryal
collection DOAJ
description Drought is an environmental disaster related to the extremes (on a drier side) in hydrometeorology. The precipitation amount modulates drought in Nepalese river basins. It is vital for efficient water resources management to quantify and understand drought. This paper aims to characterize the droughts in Nepal based on standard precipitation index (SPI) and rainfall anomaly index (RAI) using daily precipitation data and assess their impacts on annual crop yields. We used 41 years (1975–2015) of daily precipitation data to compute monthly means and then the drought indices, namely, SPI and RAI, at 123 stations across Nepal. Results showed that the northwest and eastern regions experienced drought compared to other regions, although the severity and duration were shorter. For stations 101 and 308, we found extreme drought events after 2005 for SPI-1, SPI-3, and SPI-6. However, for SPI-6, extreme drought was also observed in 1989 and 1994 at both stations. The year 1992 was one of the severest drought years for the western and northwest regions, where the severity crossed more than −2.0 for all SPI months. Similar to SPI, RAI also revealed a similar degree of drought in the country. RAI showed that the eastern region depicted a higher degree of severity of drought compared to other areas beyond 2004. The lesser severity is also seen in the far west part beyond 2005. The results showed that SPI and RAI could equally be used to analyze drought severity. More frequent drought incidents have been observed after 2010 at all the considered precipitation stations. With the increase in the drought severity, the crop yield (such as paddy, maize, barley, millet, and wheat) has been directly impacted. These results might be significant for planning water resource and irrigation water management systems.
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spelling doaj.art-941f0c18a49443c7a644b9db28f88adb2023-11-24T00:58:41ZengMDPI AGEarth2673-48342022-03-013140943210.3390/earth3010025Characterizing Meteorological Droughts in Nepal: A Comparative Analysis of Standardized Precipitation Index and Rainfall Anomaly IndexAnil Aryal0Manisha Maharjan1Rocky Talchabhadel2Bhesh Raj Thapa3Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment (ICRE), University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, JapanIndependent Researcher, Kofu 400-0008, JapanTexas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, El Paso, TX 79927, USADepartment of Civil Engineering, Universal Engineering and Science College, Lalitpur 44700, NepalDrought is an environmental disaster related to the extremes (on a drier side) in hydrometeorology. The precipitation amount modulates drought in Nepalese river basins. It is vital for efficient water resources management to quantify and understand drought. This paper aims to characterize the droughts in Nepal based on standard precipitation index (SPI) and rainfall anomaly index (RAI) using daily precipitation data and assess their impacts on annual crop yields. We used 41 years (1975–2015) of daily precipitation data to compute monthly means and then the drought indices, namely, SPI and RAI, at 123 stations across Nepal. Results showed that the northwest and eastern regions experienced drought compared to other regions, although the severity and duration were shorter. For stations 101 and 308, we found extreme drought events after 2005 for SPI-1, SPI-3, and SPI-6. However, for SPI-6, extreme drought was also observed in 1989 and 1994 at both stations. The year 1992 was one of the severest drought years for the western and northwest regions, where the severity crossed more than −2.0 for all SPI months. Similar to SPI, RAI also revealed a similar degree of drought in the country. RAI showed that the eastern region depicted a higher degree of severity of drought compared to other areas beyond 2004. The lesser severity is also seen in the far west part beyond 2005. The results showed that SPI and RAI could equally be used to analyze drought severity. More frequent drought incidents have been observed after 2010 at all the considered precipitation stations. With the increase in the drought severity, the crop yield (such as paddy, maize, barley, millet, and wheat) has been directly impacted. These results might be significant for planning water resource and irrigation water management systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4834/3/1/25crop yielddroughtrainfall anomaly indexstandardized precipitation indexwater resource management
spellingShingle Anil Aryal
Manisha Maharjan
Rocky Talchabhadel
Bhesh Raj Thapa
Characterizing Meteorological Droughts in Nepal: A Comparative Analysis of Standardized Precipitation Index and Rainfall Anomaly Index
Earth
crop yield
drought
rainfall anomaly index
standardized precipitation index
water resource management
title Characterizing Meteorological Droughts in Nepal: A Comparative Analysis of Standardized Precipitation Index and Rainfall Anomaly Index
title_full Characterizing Meteorological Droughts in Nepal: A Comparative Analysis of Standardized Precipitation Index and Rainfall Anomaly Index
title_fullStr Characterizing Meteorological Droughts in Nepal: A Comparative Analysis of Standardized Precipitation Index and Rainfall Anomaly Index
title_full_unstemmed Characterizing Meteorological Droughts in Nepal: A Comparative Analysis of Standardized Precipitation Index and Rainfall Anomaly Index
title_short Characterizing Meteorological Droughts in Nepal: A Comparative Analysis of Standardized Precipitation Index and Rainfall Anomaly Index
title_sort characterizing meteorological droughts in nepal a comparative analysis of standardized precipitation index and rainfall anomaly index
topic crop yield
drought
rainfall anomaly index
standardized precipitation index
water resource management
url https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4834/3/1/25
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