The shape of aroma: Measuring and modeling citrus oil gland distribution
Societal Impact Statement Citrus are intrinsically connected to human health and culture, preventing human diseases like scurvy and inspiring sacred rituals. Citrus fruits come in a stunning number of different sizes and shapes, ranging from small clementines to oversized pummelos, and fruits displa...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wiley
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Plants, People, Planet |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10333 |
| _version_ | 1797739008003932160 |
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| author | Erik J. Amézquita Michelle Y. Quigley Tim Ophelders Danelle Seymour Elizabeth Munch Daniel H. Chitwood |
| author_facet | Erik J. Amézquita Michelle Y. Quigley Tim Ophelders Danelle Seymour Elizabeth Munch Daniel H. Chitwood |
| author_sort | Erik J. Amézquita |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Societal Impact Statement Citrus are intrinsically connected to human health and culture, preventing human diseases like scurvy and inspiring sacred rituals. Citrus fruits come in a stunning number of different sizes and shapes, ranging from small clementines to oversized pummelos, and fruits display a vast diversity of flavors and aromas. These qualities are key in both traditional and modern medicine and in the production of cleaning and perfume products. By quantifying and modeling overall fruit shape and oil gland distribution, we can gain further insight into citrus development and the impacts of domestication and improvement on multiple characteristics of the fruit. Summary Citrus come in diverse sizes and shapes, and play a key role in world culture and economy. Citrus oil glands in particular contain essential oils which include plant secondary metabolites associated with flavor and aroma. Capturing and analyzing nuanced information behind the citrus fruit shape and its oil gland distribution provide a morphology‐driven path to further our insight into phenotype–genotype interactions. We investigated the shape of citrus fruit of 51 accessions based on 3D X‐ray computed tomography (CT) scan reconstructions. Accessions include members of the three ancestral citrus species as well as related genera, and several interspecific hybrids. We digitally separate and compare the size of fruit endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp, and oil gland tissue. Based on the centers of the oil glands, overall fruit shape is approximated with an ellipsoid. Possible oil gland distributions on this ellipsoid surface are explored using directional statistics. There is a strong allometry along fruit tissues; that is, we observe a strong linear relationship between the logarithmic volume of any pair of major tissues. This suggests that the relative growth of fruit tissues with respect to each other follows a power law. We also observe that on average, glands distance themselves from their nearest neighbor following a square root relationship, which suggests normal diffusion dynamics at play. The observed allometry and square root models point to the existence of biophysical developmental constraints that govern novel relationships between fruit dimensions from both evolutionary and breeding perspectives. Understanding these biophysical interactions prompts an exciting research path on fruit development and breeding. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T13:52:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-94408b1532a24270a63ededbc82b0052 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2572-2611 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T13:52:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants, People, Planet |
| spelling | doaj.art-94408b1532a24270a63ededbc82b00522023-08-23T03:19:50ZengWileyPlants, People, Planet2572-26112023-09-015569871110.1002/ppp3.10333The shape of aroma: Measuring and modeling citrus oil gland distributionErik J. Amézquita0Michelle Y. Quigley1Tim Ophelders2Danelle Seymour3Elizabeth Munch4Daniel H. Chitwood5Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USADepartment of Horticulture Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USADepartment of Mathematics and Computer Science TU Eindhoven Eindhoven The NetherlandsDepartment of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside California USADepartment of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USADepartment of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USASocietal Impact Statement Citrus are intrinsically connected to human health and culture, preventing human diseases like scurvy and inspiring sacred rituals. Citrus fruits come in a stunning number of different sizes and shapes, ranging from small clementines to oversized pummelos, and fruits display a vast diversity of flavors and aromas. These qualities are key in both traditional and modern medicine and in the production of cleaning and perfume products. By quantifying and modeling overall fruit shape and oil gland distribution, we can gain further insight into citrus development and the impacts of domestication and improvement on multiple characteristics of the fruit. Summary Citrus come in diverse sizes and shapes, and play a key role in world culture and economy. Citrus oil glands in particular contain essential oils which include plant secondary metabolites associated with flavor and aroma. Capturing and analyzing nuanced information behind the citrus fruit shape and its oil gland distribution provide a morphology‐driven path to further our insight into phenotype–genotype interactions. We investigated the shape of citrus fruit of 51 accessions based on 3D X‐ray computed tomography (CT) scan reconstructions. Accessions include members of the three ancestral citrus species as well as related genera, and several interspecific hybrids. We digitally separate and compare the size of fruit endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp, and oil gland tissue. Based on the centers of the oil glands, overall fruit shape is approximated with an ellipsoid. Possible oil gland distributions on this ellipsoid surface are explored using directional statistics. There is a strong allometry along fruit tissues; that is, we observe a strong linear relationship between the logarithmic volume of any pair of major tissues. This suggests that the relative growth of fruit tissues with respect to each other follows a power law. We also observe that on average, glands distance themselves from their nearest neighbor following a square root relationship, which suggests normal diffusion dynamics at play. The observed allometry and square root models point to the existence of biophysical developmental constraints that govern novel relationships between fruit dimensions from both evolutionary and breeding perspectives. Understanding these biophysical interactions prompts an exciting research path on fruit development and breeding.https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10333citrusdata sciencedirectional statisticsmathematical biologyoil glandsshape |
| spellingShingle | Erik J. Amézquita Michelle Y. Quigley Tim Ophelders Danelle Seymour Elizabeth Munch Daniel H. Chitwood The shape of aroma: Measuring and modeling citrus oil gland distribution Plants, People, Planet citrus data science directional statistics mathematical biology oil glands shape |
| title | The shape of aroma: Measuring and modeling citrus oil gland distribution |
| title_full | The shape of aroma: Measuring and modeling citrus oil gland distribution |
| title_fullStr | The shape of aroma: Measuring and modeling citrus oil gland distribution |
| title_full_unstemmed | The shape of aroma: Measuring and modeling citrus oil gland distribution |
| title_short | The shape of aroma: Measuring and modeling citrus oil gland distribution |
| title_sort | shape of aroma measuring and modeling citrus oil gland distribution |
| topic | citrus data science directional statistics mathematical biology oil glands shape |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10333 |
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