Snowpack Distribution Using Topographical, Climatological and Winter Season Index Inputs
A majority of the annual precipitation in many mountains falls as snow, and obtaining accurate estimates of the amount of water stored within the snowpack is important for water supply forecasting. Mountain topography can produce complex patterns of snow distribution, accumulation, and ablation, yet...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/1/3 |
| _version_ | 1797495969099546624 |
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| author | Douglas M. Hultstrand Steven R. Fassnacht John D. Stednick Christopher A. Hiemstra |
| author_facet | Douglas M. Hultstrand Steven R. Fassnacht John D. Stednick Christopher A. Hiemstra |
| author_sort | Douglas M. Hultstrand |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A majority of the annual precipitation in many mountains falls as snow, and obtaining accurate estimates of the amount of water stored within the snowpack is important for water supply forecasting. Mountain topography can produce complex patterns of snow distribution, accumulation, and ablation, yet the interaction of topography and meteorological patterns tends to generate similar inter-annual snow depth distribution patterns. Here, we question whether snow depth patterns at or near peak accumulation are repeatable for a 10-year time frame and whether years with limited snow depth measurement can still be used to accurately represent snow depth and mean snow depth. We used snow depth measurements from the West Glacier Lake watershed, Wyoming, USA, to investigate the distribution of snow depth. West Glacier Lake is a small (0.61 km<sup>2</sup>) windswept (mean of 8 m/s) watershed that ranges between 3277 m and 3493 m. Three interpolation methods were compared: (1) a binary regression tree, (2) multiple linear regression, and (3) generalized additive models. Generalized additive models using topographic parameters with measured snow depth presented the best estimates of the snow depth distribution and the basin mean amounts. The snow depth patterns near peak accumulation were found to be consistent inter-annually with an average annual correlation coefficient (r<sup>2</sup>) of 0.83, and scalable based on a winter season accumulation index (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.75) based on the correlation between mean snow depth measurements to Brooklyn Lake snow telemetry (SNOTEL) snow depth data. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:57:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-944e80de364349368aae0e7e580bfe62 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:57:00Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-944e80de364349368aae0e7e580bfe622023-11-23T12:55:31ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332021-12-01131310.3390/atmos13010003Snowpack Distribution Using Topographical, Climatological and Winter Season Index InputsDouglas M. Hultstrand0Steven R. Fassnacht1John D. Stednick2Christopher A. Hiemstra3EASC-Watershed Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1482, USAESS-Watershed Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1476, USAFRS-Watershed Science, College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USAUSDA Forest Service, Geospatial Management Office, Salt Lake City, UT 84138-1101, USAA majority of the annual precipitation in many mountains falls as snow, and obtaining accurate estimates of the amount of water stored within the snowpack is important for water supply forecasting. Mountain topography can produce complex patterns of snow distribution, accumulation, and ablation, yet the interaction of topography and meteorological patterns tends to generate similar inter-annual snow depth distribution patterns. Here, we question whether snow depth patterns at or near peak accumulation are repeatable for a 10-year time frame and whether years with limited snow depth measurement can still be used to accurately represent snow depth and mean snow depth. We used snow depth measurements from the West Glacier Lake watershed, Wyoming, USA, to investigate the distribution of snow depth. West Glacier Lake is a small (0.61 km<sup>2</sup>) windswept (mean of 8 m/s) watershed that ranges between 3277 m and 3493 m. Three interpolation methods were compared: (1) a binary regression tree, (2) multiple linear regression, and (3) generalized additive models. Generalized additive models using topographic parameters with measured snow depth presented the best estimates of the snow depth distribution and the basin mean amounts. The snow depth patterns near peak accumulation were found to be consistent inter-annually with an average annual correlation coefficient (r<sup>2</sup>) of 0.83, and scalable based on a winter season accumulation index (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.75) based on the correlation between mean snow depth measurements to Brooklyn Lake snow telemetry (SNOTEL) snow depth data.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/1/3snow depthwinter season indexuncertaintysnow water equivalentmodelingfun in the snow |
| spellingShingle | Douglas M. Hultstrand Steven R. Fassnacht John D. Stednick Christopher A. Hiemstra Snowpack Distribution Using Topographical, Climatological and Winter Season Index Inputs Atmosphere snow depth winter season index uncertainty snow water equivalent modeling fun in the snow |
| title | Snowpack Distribution Using Topographical, Climatological and Winter Season Index Inputs |
| title_full | Snowpack Distribution Using Topographical, Climatological and Winter Season Index Inputs |
| title_fullStr | Snowpack Distribution Using Topographical, Climatological and Winter Season Index Inputs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Snowpack Distribution Using Topographical, Climatological and Winter Season Index Inputs |
| title_short | Snowpack Distribution Using Topographical, Climatological and Winter Season Index Inputs |
| title_sort | snowpack distribution using topographical climatological and winter season index inputs |
| topic | snow depth winter season index uncertainty snow water equivalent modeling fun in the snow |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/1/3 |
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