Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes Applied on Human Skin: A Comparative Study
In this study, the transdermal fate of vesicular nanosystems was investigated. Particularly, ethosomes based on phosphatidylcholine 0.9% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> and transethosomes based on phosphatidylcholine 0.9 or 2.7% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> plus polysorbate 80...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/15112 |
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| author | Elisabetta Esposito Laura Calderan Andrea Galvan Enrica Cappellozza Markus Drechsler Paolo Mariani Alessia Pepe Maddalena Sguizzato Enrico Vigato Edoardo Dalla Pozza Manuela Malatesta |
| author_facet | Elisabetta Esposito Laura Calderan Andrea Galvan Enrica Cappellozza Markus Drechsler Paolo Mariani Alessia Pepe Maddalena Sguizzato Enrico Vigato Edoardo Dalla Pozza Manuela Malatesta |
| author_sort | Elisabetta Esposito |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the transdermal fate of vesicular nanosystems was investigated. Particularly, ethosomes based on phosphatidylcholine 0.9% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> and transethosomes based on phosphatidylcholine 0.9 or 2.7% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> plus polysorbate 80 0.3% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> as an edge activator were prepared and characterized. The vesicle mean size, morphology and deformability were influenced by both phosphatidylcholine and polysorbate 80. Indeed, the mean diameters of ethosome were around 200 nm, while transethosome’s mean diameters were 146 or 350 nm in the case of phosphatidylcholine 0.9 or 2.7%, <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>, respectively. The highest deformability was achieved by transethosomes based on phosphatidylcholine 0.9%, <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>. The three types of vesicular nanosystems were applied on explanted human skin maintained in a bioreactor. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that all vesicles were able to enter the skin, keeping their structural integrity. Notably, the vesicle penetration capability was influenced by their physical-chemical features. Indeed, ethosomes reached keratinocytes and even the dermis, phosphatidylcholine 0.9% transethosomes were found in keratinocytes and phosphatidylcholine 2.7% transethosomes were found only in corneocytes of the outer layer. These findings open interesting perspectives for a differentiated application of these vesicles for transdermal drug delivery as a function of the cutaneous pathology to be addressed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:45:38Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:45:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-945894cbb35d49c58472c6ff130796072023-11-24T11:13:21ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-12-0123231511210.3390/ijms232315112Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes Applied on Human Skin: A Comparative StudyElisabetta Esposito0Laura Calderan1Andrea Galvan2Enrica Cappellozza3Markus Drechsler4Paolo Mariani5Alessia Pepe6Maddalena Sguizzato7Enrico Vigato8Edoardo Dalla Pozza9Manuela Malatesta10Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, ItalyDepartment of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, I-37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, I-37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, I-37134 Verona, ItalyBavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Keylab “Electron and Optical Microscopy”, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, GermanyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, ItalyDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Verona University Hospital (A.O.U.I. Verona), I-37126 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Verona University Hospital (A.O.U.I. Verona), I-37126 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, I-37134 Verona, ItalyIn this study, the transdermal fate of vesicular nanosystems was investigated. Particularly, ethosomes based on phosphatidylcholine 0.9% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> and transethosomes based on phosphatidylcholine 0.9 or 2.7% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> plus polysorbate 80 0.3% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> as an edge activator were prepared and characterized. The vesicle mean size, morphology and deformability were influenced by both phosphatidylcholine and polysorbate 80. Indeed, the mean diameters of ethosome were around 200 nm, while transethosome’s mean diameters were 146 or 350 nm in the case of phosphatidylcholine 0.9 or 2.7%, <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>, respectively. The highest deformability was achieved by transethosomes based on phosphatidylcholine 0.9%, <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>. The three types of vesicular nanosystems were applied on explanted human skin maintained in a bioreactor. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that all vesicles were able to enter the skin, keeping their structural integrity. Notably, the vesicle penetration capability was influenced by their physical-chemical features. Indeed, ethosomes reached keratinocytes and even the dermis, phosphatidylcholine 0.9% transethosomes were found in keratinocytes and phosphatidylcholine 2.7% transethosomes were found only in corneocytes of the outer layer. These findings open interesting perspectives for a differentiated application of these vesicles for transdermal drug delivery as a function of the cutaneous pathology to be addressed.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/15112ethosomestransethosomesexplanted skinbioreactorX-ray diffractioncryogenic transmission electron microscopy |
| spellingShingle | Elisabetta Esposito Laura Calderan Andrea Galvan Enrica Cappellozza Markus Drechsler Paolo Mariani Alessia Pepe Maddalena Sguizzato Enrico Vigato Edoardo Dalla Pozza Manuela Malatesta Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes Applied on Human Skin: A Comparative Study International Journal of Molecular Sciences ethosomes transethosomes explanted skin bioreactor X-ray diffraction cryogenic transmission electron microscopy |
| title | Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes Applied on Human Skin: A Comparative Study |
| title_full | Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes Applied on Human Skin: A Comparative Study |
| title_fullStr | Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes Applied on Human Skin: A Comparative Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes Applied on Human Skin: A Comparative Study |
| title_short | Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes Applied on Human Skin: A Comparative Study |
| title_sort | ex vivo evaluation of ethosomes and transethosomes applied on human skin a comparative study |
| topic | ethosomes transethosomes explanted skin bioreactor X-ray diffraction cryogenic transmission electron microscopy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/15112 |
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