Toll-Like Receptors, Associated Biological Roles, and Signaling Networks in Non-Mammals
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Among all the PRRs identified, the tol...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01523/full |
| _version_ | 1828384490038231040 |
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| author | Li Nie Shi-Yu Cai Jian-Zhong Shao Jiong Chen |
| author_facet | Li Nie Shi-Yu Cai Jian-Zhong Shao Jiong Chen |
| author_sort | Li Nie |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Among all the PRRs identified, the toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most ancient class, with the most extensive spectrum of pathogen recognition. Since the first discovery of Toll in Drosophila melanogaster, numerous TLRs have been identified across a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species. It seems that TLRs, the signaling pathways that they initiate, or related adaptor proteins are essentially conserved in a wide variety of organisms, from Porifera to mammals. Molecular structure analysis indicates that most TLR homologs share similar domain patterns and that some vital participants of TLR signaling co-evolved with TLRs themselves. However, functional specification and emergence of new signaling pathways, as well as adaptors, did occur during evolution. In addition, ambiguities and gaps in knowledge still exist regarding the TLR network, especially in lower organisms. Hence, a systematic review from the comparative angle regarding this tremendous signaling system and the scenario of evolutionary pattern across Animalia is needed. In the current review, we present overview and possible evolutionary patterns of TLRs in non-mammals, hoping that this will provide clues for further investigations in this field. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T05:04:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-946979efa744445e8278a6eeab8ed1ad |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T05:04:16Z |
| publishDate | 2018-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-946979efa744445e8278a6eeab8ed1ad2022-12-22T02:01:18ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242018-07-01910.3389/fimmu.2018.01523391632Toll-Like Receptors, Associated Biological Roles, and Signaling Networks in Non-MammalsLi Nie0Shi-Yu Cai1Jian-Zhong Shao2Jiong Chen3Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaLaboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaCollege of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaLaboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ChinaThe innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Among all the PRRs identified, the toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most ancient class, with the most extensive spectrum of pathogen recognition. Since the first discovery of Toll in Drosophila melanogaster, numerous TLRs have been identified across a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species. It seems that TLRs, the signaling pathways that they initiate, or related adaptor proteins are essentially conserved in a wide variety of organisms, from Porifera to mammals. Molecular structure analysis indicates that most TLR homologs share similar domain patterns and that some vital participants of TLR signaling co-evolved with TLRs themselves. However, functional specification and emergence of new signaling pathways, as well as adaptors, did occur during evolution. In addition, ambiguities and gaps in knowledge still exist regarding the TLR network, especially in lower organisms. Hence, a systematic review from the comparative angle regarding this tremendous signaling system and the scenario of evolutionary pattern across Animalia is needed. In the current review, we present overview and possible evolutionary patterns of TLRs in non-mammals, hoping that this will provide clues for further investigations in this field.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01523/fulltoll-like receptorsignaling pathwaymyeloid differentiation primary response protein 88TRIFTICAM2non-mammalian |
| spellingShingle | Li Nie Shi-Yu Cai Jian-Zhong Shao Jiong Chen Toll-Like Receptors, Associated Biological Roles, and Signaling Networks in Non-Mammals Frontiers in Immunology toll-like receptor signaling pathway myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 TRIF TICAM2 non-mammalian |
| title | Toll-Like Receptors, Associated Biological Roles, and Signaling Networks in Non-Mammals |
| title_full | Toll-Like Receptors, Associated Biological Roles, and Signaling Networks in Non-Mammals |
| title_fullStr | Toll-Like Receptors, Associated Biological Roles, and Signaling Networks in Non-Mammals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toll-Like Receptors, Associated Biological Roles, and Signaling Networks in Non-Mammals |
| title_short | Toll-Like Receptors, Associated Biological Roles, and Signaling Networks in Non-Mammals |
| title_sort | toll like receptors associated biological roles and signaling networks in non mammals |
| topic | toll-like receptor signaling pathway myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 TRIF TICAM2 non-mammalian |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01523/full |
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