Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Karenia</i> spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms
In recent decades, more than 130 potentially toxic metabolites originating from dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus <i>Karenia</i> or metabolized by marine organisms have been described. These metabolites include the well-known and large group of brevetoxins (BTXs), responsible...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/19/12/656 |
| _version_ | 1797502794816552960 |
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| author | Vincent Hort Eric Abadie Nathalie Arnich Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein Zouher Amzil |
| author_facet | Vincent Hort Eric Abadie Nathalie Arnich Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein Zouher Amzil |
| author_sort | Vincent Hort |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In recent decades, more than 130 potentially toxic metabolites originating from dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus <i>Karenia</i> or metabolized by marine organisms have been described. These metabolites include the well-known and large group of brevetoxins (BTXs), responsible for foodborne neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and airborne respiratory symptoms in humans. <i>Karenia</i> spp. also produce brevenal, brevisamide and metabolites belonging to the hemi-brevetoxin, brevisin, tamulamide, gymnocin, gymnodimine, brevisulcenal and brevisulcatic acid groups. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge in the literature since 1977 on these various identified metabolites, whether they are produced directly by the producer organisms or biotransformed in marine organisms. Their structures and physicochemical properties are presented and discussed. Among future avenues of research, we highlight the need for more toxin occurrence data with analytical techniques, which can specifically determine the analogs present in samples. New metabolites have yet to be fully described, especially the groups of metabolites discovered in the last two decades (e.g tamulamides). Lastly, this work clarifies the different nomenclatures used in the literature and should help to harmonize practices in the future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:41:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9472d1612c5f4243bdee372e61070ce2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:41:13Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-9472d1612c5f4243bdee372e61070ce22023-11-23T09:17:49ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972021-11-01191265610.3390/md19120656Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Karenia</i> spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine OrganismsVincent Hort0Eric Abadie1Nathalie Arnich2Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein3Zouher Amzil4Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, FranceMARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34200 Sète, FranceRisk Assessment Directorate, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, FranceUniversité Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, 06103 Nice, FranceIfremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), 44311 Nantes, FranceIn recent decades, more than 130 potentially toxic metabolites originating from dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus <i>Karenia</i> or metabolized by marine organisms have been described. These metabolites include the well-known and large group of brevetoxins (BTXs), responsible for foodborne neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and airborne respiratory symptoms in humans. <i>Karenia</i> spp. also produce brevenal, brevisamide and metabolites belonging to the hemi-brevetoxin, brevisin, tamulamide, gymnocin, gymnodimine, brevisulcenal and brevisulcatic acid groups. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge in the literature since 1977 on these various identified metabolites, whether they are produced directly by the producer organisms or biotransformed in marine organisms. Their structures and physicochemical properties are presented and discussed. Among future avenues of research, we highlight the need for more toxin occurrence data with analytical techniques, which can specifically determine the analogs present in samples. New metabolites have yet to be fully described, especially the groups of metabolites discovered in the last two decades (e.g tamulamides). Lastly, this work clarifies the different nomenclatures used in the literature and should help to harmonize practices in the future.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/19/12/656<i>Karenia</i> spp.marine biotoxinsbrevetoxinsmetabolic productsshellfishmarine organisms |
| spellingShingle | Vincent Hort Eric Abadie Nathalie Arnich Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein Zouher Amzil Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Karenia</i> spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms Marine Drugs <i>Karenia</i> spp. marine biotoxins brevetoxins metabolic products shellfish marine organisms |
| title | Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Karenia</i> spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms |
| title_full | Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Karenia</i> spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms |
| title_fullStr | Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Karenia</i> spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Karenia</i> spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms |
| title_short | Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Karenia</i> spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms |
| title_sort | chemodiversity of brevetoxins and other potentially toxic metabolites produced by i karenia i spp and their metabolic products in marine organisms |
| topic | <i>Karenia</i> spp. marine biotoxins brevetoxins metabolic products shellfish marine organisms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/19/12/656 |
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