Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review
The microbial safety of swimming pool waters (SPWs) becomes increasingly important with the popularity of swimming activities. Disinfection aiming at killing microbes in SPWs produces disinfection by-products (DBPs), which has attracted considerable public attentions due to their high frequency of o...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2018-12-01
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| Series: | Environment International |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018310559 |
| _version_ | 1811322493003104256 |
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| author | Linyan Yang Xueming Chen Qianhong She Guomin Cao Yongdi Liu Victor W.-C. Chang Chuyang Y. Tang |
| author_facet | Linyan Yang Xueming Chen Qianhong She Guomin Cao Yongdi Liu Victor W.-C. Chang Chuyang Y. Tang |
| author_sort | Linyan Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The microbial safety of swimming pool waters (SPWs) becomes increasingly important with the popularity of swimming activities. Disinfection aiming at killing microbes in SPWs produces disinfection by-products (DBPs), which has attracted considerable public attentions due to their high frequency of occurrence, considerable concentrations and potent toxicity. We reviewed the latest research progress within the last four decades on the regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of DBPs in the context of SPWs. This paper specifically discussed DBP regulations in different regions, formation mechanisms related with disinfectants, precursors and other various conditions, human exposure assessment reflected by biomarkers or epidemiological evidence, and the control and treatment of DBPs. Compared to drinking water with natural organic matter as the main organic precursor of DBPs, the additional human inputs (i.e., body fluids and personal care products) to SPWs make the water matrix more complicated and lead to the formation of more types and greater concentrations of DBPs. Dermal absorption and inhalation are two main exposure pathways for trihalomethanes while ingestion for haloacetic acids, reflected by DBP occurrence in human matrices including exhaled air, urine, blood, and plasma. Studies show that membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes, biodegradation, thermal degradation, chemical reduction, and some hybrid processes are the potential DBP treatment technologies. The removal efficiency, possible mechanisms and future challenges of these DBP treatment methods are summarized in this review, which may facilitate their full-scale applications and provide potential directions for further research extension. Keywords: Disinfectants, Disinfection by-products (DBP), Precursors, Human exposure, DBP treatment |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T13:37:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-94942a4a2b4844729947726abe544fbe |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T13:37:12Z |
| publishDate | 2018-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj.art-94942a4a2b4844729947726abe544fbe2022-12-22T02:44:46ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202018-12-0112110391057Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical reviewLinyan Yang0Xueming Chen1Qianhong She2Guomin Cao3Yongdi Liu4Victor W.-C. Chang5Chuyang Y. Tang6School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR ChinaProcess and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, AustraliaSchool of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR ChinaSchool of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR ChinaResidues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore; Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia; Corresponding authors.Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Corresponding authors.The microbial safety of swimming pool waters (SPWs) becomes increasingly important with the popularity of swimming activities. Disinfection aiming at killing microbes in SPWs produces disinfection by-products (DBPs), which has attracted considerable public attentions due to their high frequency of occurrence, considerable concentrations and potent toxicity. We reviewed the latest research progress within the last four decades on the regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of DBPs in the context of SPWs. This paper specifically discussed DBP regulations in different regions, formation mechanisms related with disinfectants, precursors and other various conditions, human exposure assessment reflected by biomarkers or epidemiological evidence, and the control and treatment of DBPs. Compared to drinking water with natural organic matter as the main organic precursor of DBPs, the additional human inputs (i.e., body fluids and personal care products) to SPWs make the water matrix more complicated and lead to the formation of more types and greater concentrations of DBPs. Dermal absorption and inhalation are two main exposure pathways for trihalomethanes while ingestion for haloacetic acids, reflected by DBP occurrence in human matrices including exhaled air, urine, blood, and plasma. Studies show that membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes, biodegradation, thermal degradation, chemical reduction, and some hybrid processes are the potential DBP treatment technologies. The removal efficiency, possible mechanisms and future challenges of these DBP treatment methods are summarized in this review, which may facilitate their full-scale applications and provide potential directions for further research extension. Keywords: Disinfectants, Disinfection by-products (DBP), Precursors, Human exposure, DBP treatmenthttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018310559 |
| spellingShingle | Linyan Yang Xueming Chen Qianhong She Guomin Cao Yongdi Liu Victor W.-C. Chang Chuyang Y. Tang Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review Environment International |
| title | Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review |
| title_full | Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review |
| title_fullStr | Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review |
| title_short | Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review |
| title_sort | regulation formation exposure and treatment of disinfection by products dbps in swimming pool waters a critical review |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018310559 |
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