<i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> Fungi and Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites
Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are able to synthesize a diverse group of secondary metabolites (SMs) such as terpenoids or terpenes, steroids, phenolics, and alkaloids with a broad range of therapeutic and pharmacological potentials. Extensive use of MAPs in various industries makes it importa...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/17/2183 |
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| author | Mostafa Amani Machiani Abdollah Javanmard Reyhaneh Habibi Machiani Amir Sadeghpour |
| author_facet | Mostafa Amani Machiani Abdollah Javanmard Reyhaneh Habibi Machiani Amir Sadeghpour |
| author_sort | Mostafa Amani Machiani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are able to synthesize a diverse group of secondary metabolites (SMs) such as terpenoids or terpenes, steroids, phenolics, and alkaloids with a broad range of therapeutic and pharmacological potentials. Extensive use of MAPs in various industries makes it important to re-evaluate their research, development, production, and use. In intensive agricultural systems, increasing plant productivity is highly dependent on the application of chemical inputs. Extreme use of chemical or synthetic fertilizers, especially higher doses of N fertilization, decrease the yield of bioactive compounds in MAPs. The plant–soil microbial interaction is an eco-friendly strategy to decrease the demand of chemical fertilizers. <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> fungi (AMF), belongs to <i>phylum Glomeromycota</i>, can form mutualistic symbiotic associations with more than 80% of plant species. The AMF–plant symbiotic association, in addition to increasing nutrient and water uptake, reprograms the metabolic pathways of plants and changes the concentration of primary and secondary metabolites of medicinal and aromatic plants. The major findings reported that inoculation of AMF with MAPs enhanced secondary metabolites directly by increasing nutrient and water uptake and also improving photosynthesis capacity or indirectly by stimulating SMs’ biosynthetic pathways through changes in phytohormonal concentrations and production of signaling molecules. Overall, the AMF-MAPs symbiotic association can be used as new eco-friendly technologies in sustainable agricultural systems for improving the quantity and quality of MAPs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:24:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-94a596f362c14dae90393d382d1841ac |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:24:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-94a596f362c14dae90393d382d1841ac2023-11-23T13:54:23ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-08-011117218310.3390/plants11172183<i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> Fungi and Changes in Primary and Secondary MetabolitesMostafa Amani Machiani0Abdollah Javanmard1Reyhaneh Habibi Machiani2Amir Sadeghpour3Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55136-553, Maragheh 83111-55181, IranDepartment of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55136-553, Maragheh 83111-55181, IranDepartment of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55136-553, Maragheh 83111-55181, IranCrop, Soil and Environment Program, School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois, University of Carbondale, College of Science, Carbondale, IL 62901, USAMedicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are able to synthesize a diverse group of secondary metabolites (SMs) such as terpenoids or terpenes, steroids, phenolics, and alkaloids with a broad range of therapeutic and pharmacological potentials. Extensive use of MAPs in various industries makes it important to re-evaluate their research, development, production, and use. In intensive agricultural systems, increasing plant productivity is highly dependent on the application of chemical inputs. Extreme use of chemical or synthetic fertilizers, especially higher doses of N fertilization, decrease the yield of bioactive compounds in MAPs. The plant–soil microbial interaction is an eco-friendly strategy to decrease the demand of chemical fertilizers. <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> fungi (AMF), belongs to <i>phylum Glomeromycota</i>, can form mutualistic symbiotic associations with more than 80% of plant species. The AMF–plant symbiotic association, in addition to increasing nutrient and water uptake, reprograms the metabolic pathways of plants and changes the concentration of primary and secondary metabolites of medicinal and aromatic plants. The major findings reported that inoculation of AMF with MAPs enhanced secondary metabolites directly by increasing nutrient and water uptake and also improving photosynthesis capacity or indirectly by stimulating SMs’ biosynthetic pathways through changes in phytohormonal concentrations and production of signaling molecules. Overall, the AMF-MAPs symbiotic association can be used as new eco-friendly technologies in sustainable agricultural systems for improving the quantity and quality of MAPs.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/17/2183<i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> fungialkaloidsessential oilsecondary metabolitesterpenes |
| spellingShingle | Mostafa Amani Machiani Abdollah Javanmard Reyhaneh Habibi Machiani Amir Sadeghpour <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> Fungi and Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites Plants <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> fungi alkaloids essential oil secondary metabolites terpenes |
| title | <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> Fungi and Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites |
| title_full | <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> Fungi and Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites |
| title_fullStr | <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> Fungi and Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> Fungi and Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites |
| title_short | <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> Fungi and Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites |
| title_sort | i arbuscular mycorrhizal i fungi and changes in primary and secondary metabolites |
| topic | <i>Arbuscular mycorrhizal</i> fungi alkaloids essential oil secondary metabolites terpenes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/17/2183 |
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