Quantifying the Surface Strain Field Induced by Active Sources with Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Theory and Practice
Quantitative dynamic strain measurements of the ground would be useful for engineering scale problems such as monitoring for natural hazards, soil-structure interaction studies, and non-invasive site investigation using full waveform inversion (FWI). Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), a promising t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4589 |
| _version_ | 1797482352526491648 |
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| author | Peter G. Hubbard Joseph P. Vantassel Brady R. Cox James W. Rector Michael B. S. Yust Kenichi Soga |
| author_facet | Peter G. Hubbard Joseph P. Vantassel Brady R. Cox James W. Rector Michael B. S. Yust Kenichi Soga |
| author_sort | Peter G. Hubbard |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Quantitative dynamic strain measurements of the ground would be useful for engineering scale problems such as monitoring for natural hazards, soil-structure interaction studies, and non-invasive site investigation using full waveform inversion (FWI). Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), a promising technology for these purposes, needs to be better understood in terms of its directional sensitivity, spatial position, and amplitude for application to engineering-scale problems. This study investigates whether the physical measurements made using DAS are consistent with the theoretical transfer function, reception patterns, and experimental measurements of ground strain made by geophones. Results show that DAS and geophone measurements are consistent in both phase and amplitude for broadband (10 s of Hz), high amplitude (10 s of microstrain), and complex wavefields originating from different positions around the array when: (1) the DAS channels and geophone locations are properly aligned, (2) the DAS cable provides good deformation coupling to the internal optical fiber, (3) the cable is coupled to the ground through direct burial and compaction, and (4) laser frequency drift is mitigated in the DAS measurements. The transfer function of DAS arrays is presented considering the gauge length, pulse shape, and cable design. The theoretical relationship between DAS-measured and pointwise strain for vertical and horizontal active sources is introduced using 3D elastic finite-difference simulations. The implications of using DAS strain measurements are discussed including directionality and magnitude differences between the actual and DAS-measured strain fields. Estimating measurement quality based on the wavelength-to-gauge length ratio for field data is demonstrated. A method for spatially aligning the DAS channels with the geophone locations at tolerances less than the spatial resolution of a DAS system is proposed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:32:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-94a7924954f64b3084b1aade92b251dd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:32:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-94a7924954f64b3084b1aade92b251dd2023-11-23T18:55:45ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-06-012212458910.3390/s22124589Quantifying the Surface Strain Field Induced by Active Sources with Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Theory and PracticePeter G. Hubbard0Joseph P. Vantassel1Brady R. Cox2James W. Rector3Michael B. S. Yust4Kenichi Soga5Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USADepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USADepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USADepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAQuantitative dynamic strain measurements of the ground would be useful for engineering scale problems such as monitoring for natural hazards, soil-structure interaction studies, and non-invasive site investigation using full waveform inversion (FWI). Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), a promising technology for these purposes, needs to be better understood in terms of its directional sensitivity, spatial position, and amplitude for application to engineering-scale problems. This study investigates whether the physical measurements made using DAS are consistent with the theoretical transfer function, reception patterns, and experimental measurements of ground strain made by geophones. Results show that DAS and geophone measurements are consistent in both phase and amplitude for broadband (10 s of Hz), high amplitude (10 s of microstrain), and complex wavefields originating from different positions around the array when: (1) the DAS channels and geophone locations are properly aligned, (2) the DAS cable provides good deformation coupling to the internal optical fiber, (3) the cable is coupled to the ground through direct burial and compaction, and (4) laser frequency drift is mitigated in the DAS measurements. The transfer function of DAS arrays is presented considering the gauge length, pulse shape, and cable design. The theoretical relationship between DAS-measured and pointwise strain for vertical and horizontal active sources is introduced using 3D elastic finite-difference simulations. The implications of using DAS strain measurements are discussed including directionality and magnitude differences between the actual and DAS-measured strain fields. Estimating measurement quality based on the wavelength-to-gauge length ratio for field data is demonstrated. A method for spatially aligning the DAS channels with the geophone locations at tolerances less than the spatial resolution of a DAS system is proposed.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4589DASgeophonestransfer functionwave propagationstrain measurementDFOS |
| spellingShingle | Peter G. Hubbard Joseph P. Vantassel Brady R. Cox James W. Rector Michael B. S. Yust Kenichi Soga Quantifying the Surface Strain Field Induced by Active Sources with Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Theory and Practice Sensors DAS geophones transfer function wave propagation strain measurement DFOS |
| title | Quantifying the Surface Strain Field Induced by Active Sources with Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Theory and Practice |
| title_full | Quantifying the Surface Strain Field Induced by Active Sources with Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Theory and Practice |
| title_fullStr | Quantifying the Surface Strain Field Induced by Active Sources with Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Theory and Practice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantifying the Surface Strain Field Induced by Active Sources with Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Theory and Practice |
| title_short | Quantifying the Surface Strain Field Induced by Active Sources with Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Theory and Practice |
| title_sort | quantifying the surface strain field induced by active sources with distributed acoustic sensing theory and practice |
| topic | DAS geophones transfer function wave propagation strain measurement DFOS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4589 |
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