Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Between Old and New Concepts
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time and it is a worldwide health issue. The estimated frequency of CKD is 10% of the world’s population, but it varies greatly on a global scale. In absolute terms, the staggering number of subject...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/3/678 |
| _version_ | 1797318610043011072 |
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| author | Francesca Mallamaci Giovanni Tripepi |
| author_facet | Francesca Mallamaci Giovanni Tripepi |
| author_sort | Francesca Mallamaci |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time and it is a worldwide health issue. The estimated frequency of CKD is 10% of the world’s population, but it varies greatly on a global scale. In absolute terms, the staggering number of subjects affected by various degrees of CKD is 850,000,000, and 85% of them are in low- to middle-income countries. The most important risk factors for chronic kidney disease are age, arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity, proteinuria, dyslipidemia, and environmental risk factors such as dietary salt intake and a more recently investigated agent: pollution. In this narrative review, we will focus by choice just on some risk factors such as age, which is the most important non-modifiable risk factor, and among modifiable risk factors, we will focus on hypertension, salt intake, obesity, and sympathetic overactivity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:54:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-94b0f977491d4f30b0a94a7506d5aaca |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:54:50Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-94b0f977491d4f30b0a94a7506d5aaca2024-02-09T15:15:33ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832024-01-0113367810.3390/jcm13030678Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Between Old and New ConceptsFrancesca Mallamaci0Giovanni Tripepi1Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli (BMM), 89124 Reggio Calabria, ItalyResearch Unit of Clinical Epidemiology of Reggio Calabria, Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), 89124 Reggio Calabria, ItalyChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time and it is a worldwide health issue. The estimated frequency of CKD is 10% of the world’s population, but it varies greatly on a global scale. In absolute terms, the staggering number of subjects affected by various degrees of CKD is 850,000,000, and 85% of them are in low- to middle-income countries. The most important risk factors for chronic kidney disease are age, arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity, proteinuria, dyslipidemia, and environmental risk factors such as dietary salt intake and a more recently investigated agent: pollution. In this narrative review, we will focus by choice just on some risk factors such as age, which is the most important non-modifiable risk factor, and among modifiable risk factors, we will focus on hypertension, salt intake, obesity, and sympathetic overactivity.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/3/678chronic kidney diseaseaginghypertensionobesitysalt intakesympathetic overactivity |
| spellingShingle | Francesca Mallamaci Giovanni Tripepi Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Between Old and New Concepts Journal of Clinical Medicine chronic kidney disease aging hypertension obesity salt intake sympathetic overactivity |
| title | Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Between Old and New Concepts |
| title_full | Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Between Old and New Concepts |
| title_fullStr | Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Between Old and New Concepts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Between Old and New Concepts |
| title_short | Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Between Old and New Concepts |
| title_sort | risk factors of chronic kidney disease progression between old and new concepts |
| topic | chronic kidney disease aging hypertension obesity salt intake sympathetic overactivity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/3/678 |
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