Identifying the Lambertian Property of Ground Surfaces in the Thermal Infrared Region via Field Experiments
Lambertian surfaces represent an important assumption when constructing thermal radiance transfer equations for remote sensing observations of ground surface temperatures. We identify the properties of ground surfaces in thermal infrared regions as Lambertian surfaces via field experiments. Because...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2017-05-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/5/481 |
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| author | Lili Tu Zhihao Qin Lechan Yang Fei Wang Jun Geng Shuhe Zhao |
| author_facet | Lili Tu Zhihao Qin Lechan Yang Fei Wang Jun Geng Shuhe Zhao |
| author_sort | Lili Tu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lambertian surfaces represent an important assumption when constructing thermal radiance transfer equations for remote sensing observations of ground surface temperatures. We identify the properties of ground surfaces in thermal infrared regions as Lambertian surfaces via field experiments. Because Lambertian surfaces present homogeneous thermal emissions levels in hemispheric directions for a specific ground surface under specific kinetic temperatures and emissions, we conducted a series of field experiments to illustrate the properties of such ground surfaces. Four typical ground surfaces were selected for the experiments to observe thermal emissions: bare soil, grass, water, and concrete. Radiance thermometers were used to observe ground emissions from seven directions: 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 135°, and 150°. Solar zenith angles were considered for the observation of ground emissions. Experiments were conducted in five different regions of China (Beijing, Nanjing, Xilinguole, Yongzhou, and Jiangmen) during both daytime and nighttime. To determine whether different observation angles have significantly different effects on radiance, statistical analyses (ANOVA and Friedman test) were conducted. Post hoc multiple comparison tests and pairwise multiple comparisons were also conducted to examine the various pairings of observation angles and to measure the radiance differences. Roughly half of the radiance groups of all observed sites were tested via an ANOVA, and the remaining groups with unequal variances were subjected to the Friedman test. The results indicate that statistically significant differences in the radiance levels occurred among the seven angles for almost all of the sites (39 of the 40 groups). The results of our experiments indicate that the selected ground surfaces, especially the grass and the bare soil, may not behave with Lambertian properties in the thermal infrared region. This is probably attributed to the roughness of the selected surface, because we found that roughness is an important factor affecting the observed magnitude of thermal emission from different directions of the ground surface under study. Therefore, whether or not a terrestrial surface can be assumed to be a Lambertian surface should be based on their geometric structure. When the surface is relatively smooth, we can say that it is close to the Lambertian property in thermal emission. |
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| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-24T03:29:30Z |
| publishDate | 2017-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-94d468520cf342ccab8cbdea893b2c172022-12-21T17:17:15ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922017-05-019548110.3390/rs9050481rs9050481Identifying the Lambertian Property of Ground Surfaces in the Thermal Infrared Region via Field ExperimentsLili Tu0Zhihao Qin1Lechan Yang2Fei Wang3Jun Geng4Shuhe Zhao5Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaSchool of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaSchool of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaLambertian surfaces represent an important assumption when constructing thermal radiance transfer equations for remote sensing observations of ground surface temperatures. We identify the properties of ground surfaces in thermal infrared regions as Lambertian surfaces via field experiments. Because Lambertian surfaces present homogeneous thermal emissions levels in hemispheric directions for a specific ground surface under specific kinetic temperatures and emissions, we conducted a series of field experiments to illustrate the properties of such ground surfaces. Four typical ground surfaces were selected for the experiments to observe thermal emissions: bare soil, grass, water, and concrete. Radiance thermometers were used to observe ground emissions from seven directions: 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 135°, and 150°. Solar zenith angles were considered for the observation of ground emissions. Experiments were conducted in five different regions of China (Beijing, Nanjing, Xilinguole, Yongzhou, and Jiangmen) during both daytime and nighttime. To determine whether different observation angles have significantly different effects on radiance, statistical analyses (ANOVA and Friedman test) were conducted. Post hoc multiple comparison tests and pairwise multiple comparisons were also conducted to examine the various pairings of observation angles and to measure the radiance differences. Roughly half of the radiance groups of all observed sites were tested via an ANOVA, and the remaining groups with unequal variances were subjected to the Friedman test. The results indicate that statistically significant differences in the radiance levels occurred among the seven angles for almost all of the sites (39 of the 40 groups). The results of our experiments indicate that the selected ground surfaces, especially the grass and the bare soil, may not behave with Lambertian properties in the thermal infrared region. This is probably attributed to the roughness of the selected surface, because we found that roughness is an important factor affecting the observed magnitude of thermal emission from different directions of the ground surface under study. Therefore, whether or not a terrestrial surface can be assumed to be a Lambertian surface should be based on their geometric structure. When the surface is relatively smooth, we can say that it is close to the Lambertian property in thermal emission.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/5/481Lambertian propertyground surfacethermal infrared regionground emissionsFOV and hotspot effects |
| spellingShingle | Lili Tu Zhihao Qin Lechan Yang Fei Wang Jun Geng Shuhe Zhao Identifying the Lambertian Property of Ground Surfaces in the Thermal Infrared Region via Field Experiments Remote Sensing Lambertian property ground surface thermal infrared region ground emissions FOV and hotspot effects |
| title | Identifying the Lambertian Property of Ground Surfaces in the Thermal Infrared Region via Field Experiments |
| title_full | Identifying the Lambertian Property of Ground Surfaces in the Thermal Infrared Region via Field Experiments |
| title_fullStr | Identifying the Lambertian Property of Ground Surfaces in the Thermal Infrared Region via Field Experiments |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identifying the Lambertian Property of Ground Surfaces in the Thermal Infrared Region via Field Experiments |
| title_short | Identifying the Lambertian Property of Ground Surfaces in the Thermal Infrared Region via Field Experiments |
| title_sort | identifying the lambertian property of ground surfaces in the thermal infrared region via field experiments |
| topic | Lambertian property ground surface thermal infrared region ground emissions FOV and hotspot effects |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/5/481 |
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