Evolution of Influenza Viruses—Drug Resistance, Treatment Options, and Prospects
Viral evolution refers to the genetic changes that a virus accumulates during its lifetime which can arise from adaptations in response to environmental changes or the immune response of the host. Influenza A virus is one of the most rapidly evolving microorganisms. Its genetic instability may lead...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12244 |
| _version_ | 1797472844718800896 |
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| author | Julia M. Smyk Natalia Szydłowska Weronika Szulc Anna Majewska |
| author_facet | Julia M. Smyk Natalia Szydłowska Weronika Szulc Anna Majewska |
| author_sort | Julia M. Smyk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Viral evolution refers to the genetic changes that a virus accumulates during its lifetime which can arise from adaptations in response to environmental changes or the immune response of the host. Influenza A virus is one of the most rapidly evolving microorganisms. Its genetic instability may lead to large changes in its biological properties, including changes in virulence, adaptation to new hosts, and even the emergence of infectious diseases with a previously unknown clinical course. Genetic variability makes it difficult to implement effective prophylactic programs, such as vaccinations, and may be responsible for resistance to antiviral drugs. The aim of the review was to describe the consequences of the variability of influenza viruses, mutations, and recombination, which allow viruses to overcome species barriers, causing epidemics and pandemics. Another consequence of influenza virus evolution is the risk of the resistance to antiviral drugs. Thus far, one class of drugs, M2 protein inhibitors, has been excluded from use because of mutations in strains isolated in many regions of the world from humans and animals. Therefore, the effectiveness of anti-influenza drugs should be continuously monitored in reference centers representing particular regions of the world as a part of epidemiological surveillance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:06:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-94f079c789834c50b594f5404a33a4dc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:06:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-94f079c789834c50b594f5404a33a4dc2023-11-24T00:29:51ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-10-0123201224410.3390/ijms232012244Evolution of Influenza Viruses—Drug Resistance, Treatment Options, and ProspectsJulia M. Smyk0Natalia Szydłowska1Weronika Szulc2Anna Majewska3Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004 Warsaw, PolandViral evolution refers to the genetic changes that a virus accumulates during its lifetime which can arise from adaptations in response to environmental changes or the immune response of the host. Influenza A virus is one of the most rapidly evolving microorganisms. Its genetic instability may lead to large changes in its biological properties, including changes in virulence, adaptation to new hosts, and even the emergence of infectious diseases with a previously unknown clinical course. Genetic variability makes it difficult to implement effective prophylactic programs, such as vaccinations, and may be responsible for resistance to antiviral drugs. The aim of the review was to describe the consequences of the variability of influenza viruses, mutations, and recombination, which allow viruses to overcome species barriers, causing epidemics and pandemics. Another consequence of influenza virus evolution is the risk of the resistance to antiviral drugs. Thus far, one class of drugs, M2 protein inhibitors, has been excluded from use because of mutations in strains isolated in many regions of the world from humans and animals. Therefore, the effectiveness of anti-influenza drugs should be continuously monitored in reference centers representing particular regions of the world as a part of epidemiological surveillance.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12244anti-influenza drugsinfluenza treatmentdrug resistance |
| spellingShingle | Julia M. Smyk Natalia Szydłowska Weronika Szulc Anna Majewska Evolution of Influenza Viruses—Drug Resistance, Treatment Options, and Prospects International Journal of Molecular Sciences anti-influenza drugs influenza treatment drug resistance |
| title | Evolution of Influenza Viruses—Drug Resistance, Treatment Options, and Prospects |
| title_full | Evolution of Influenza Viruses—Drug Resistance, Treatment Options, and Prospects |
| title_fullStr | Evolution of Influenza Viruses—Drug Resistance, Treatment Options, and Prospects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evolution of Influenza Viruses—Drug Resistance, Treatment Options, and Prospects |
| title_short | Evolution of Influenza Viruses—Drug Resistance, Treatment Options, and Prospects |
| title_sort | evolution of influenza viruses drug resistance treatment options and prospects |
| topic | anti-influenza drugs influenza treatment drug resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12244 |
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