Adjuvant Strategies for Lactic Acid Bacterial Mucosal Vaccines
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are Gram-positive, acid-tolerant bacteria that have long been used in food fermentation and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). LAB are a part of a normal microbiome and act as probiotics, improving the gastrointestinal microbiome and health when consumed. An increasi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-10-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/4/150 |
| _version_ | 1828109268817018880 |
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| author | Allison C. Vilander Gregg A. Dean |
| author_facet | Allison C. Vilander Gregg A. Dean |
| author_sort | Allison C. Vilander |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are Gram-positive, acid-tolerant bacteria that have long been used in food fermentation and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). LAB are a part of a normal microbiome and act as probiotics, improving the gastrointestinal microbiome and health when consumed. An increasing body of research has shown the importance of the microbiome on both mucosal immune heath and immune response to pathogens and oral vaccines. Currently, there are few approved mucosal vaccines, and most are attenuated viruses or bacteria, which necessitates cold chain, carries the risk of reversion to virulence, and can have limited efficacy in individuals with poor mucosal health. On account of these limitations, new types of mucosal vaccine vectors are necessary. There has been increasing interest and success in developing recombinant LAB as next generation mucosal vaccine vectors due to their natural acid and bile resistance, stability at room temperature, endogenous activation of innate and adaptive immune responses, and the development of molecular techniques that allow for manipulation of their genomes. To enhance the immunogenicity of these LAB vaccines, numerous adjuvant strategies have been successfully employed. Here, we review these adjuvant strategies and their mechanisms of action which include: Toll-like receptor ligands, secretion of bacterial toxins, secretion of cytokines, direct delivery to antigen presenting cells, and enterocyte targeting. The ability to increase the immune response to LAB vaccines gives them the potential to be powerful mucosal vaccine vectors against mucosal pathogens. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T10:59:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-94f7cb1ead80408b9a218412b223cb34 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T10:59:46Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-94f7cb1ead80408b9a218412b223cb342022-12-22T04:28:39ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2019-10-017415010.3390/vaccines7040150vaccines7040150Adjuvant Strategies for Lactic Acid Bacterial Mucosal VaccinesAllison C. Vilander0Gregg A. Dean1Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USADepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USALactic acid bacteria (LAB) are Gram-positive, acid-tolerant bacteria that have long been used in food fermentation and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). LAB are a part of a normal microbiome and act as probiotics, improving the gastrointestinal microbiome and health when consumed. An increasing body of research has shown the importance of the microbiome on both mucosal immune heath and immune response to pathogens and oral vaccines. Currently, there are few approved mucosal vaccines, and most are attenuated viruses or bacteria, which necessitates cold chain, carries the risk of reversion to virulence, and can have limited efficacy in individuals with poor mucosal health. On account of these limitations, new types of mucosal vaccine vectors are necessary. There has been increasing interest and success in developing recombinant LAB as next generation mucosal vaccine vectors due to their natural acid and bile resistance, stability at room temperature, endogenous activation of innate and adaptive immune responses, and the development of molecular techniques that allow for manipulation of their genomes. To enhance the immunogenicity of these LAB vaccines, numerous adjuvant strategies have been successfully employed. Here, we review these adjuvant strategies and their mechanisms of action which include: Toll-like receptor ligands, secretion of bacterial toxins, secretion of cytokines, direct delivery to antigen presenting cells, and enterocyte targeting. The ability to increase the immune response to LAB vaccines gives them the potential to be powerful mucosal vaccine vectors against mucosal pathogens.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/4/150lactic acid bacteriamucosal vaccineadjuvant |
| spellingShingle | Allison C. Vilander Gregg A. Dean Adjuvant Strategies for Lactic Acid Bacterial Mucosal Vaccines Vaccines lactic acid bacteria mucosal vaccine adjuvant |
| title | Adjuvant Strategies for Lactic Acid Bacterial Mucosal Vaccines |
| title_full | Adjuvant Strategies for Lactic Acid Bacterial Mucosal Vaccines |
| title_fullStr | Adjuvant Strategies for Lactic Acid Bacterial Mucosal Vaccines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adjuvant Strategies for Lactic Acid Bacterial Mucosal Vaccines |
| title_short | Adjuvant Strategies for Lactic Acid Bacterial Mucosal Vaccines |
| title_sort | adjuvant strategies for lactic acid bacterial mucosal vaccines |
| topic | lactic acid bacteria mucosal vaccine adjuvant |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/4/150 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT allisoncvilander adjuvantstrategiesforlacticacidbacterialmucosalvaccines AT greggadean adjuvantstrategiesforlacticacidbacterialmucosalvaccines |