The Correlation of Papanicolaou Smears and Clinical Features to Identify the Common Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer: A Retrospective and Descriptive Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Trinidad
<b>Background:</b> Cervical cancer, the fourth most frequent cancer in women, is associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV). This study identifies risk factors and clinical findings for abnormal cervical cytology and histopathology in the Trinidad and Tobago populations. Some risk fa...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/3/697 |
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| author | Srikanth Umakanthan Maryann M. Bukelo Saudah Ghany La Donna Gay Tia Gilkes Jamila Freeman Andre Francis Kyle Francis Gabriel Gajadhar Junea Fraser |
| author_facet | Srikanth Umakanthan Maryann M. Bukelo Saudah Ghany La Donna Gay Tia Gilkes Jamila Freeman Andre Francis Kyle Francis Gabriel Gajadhar Junea Fraser |
| author_sort | Srikanth Umakanthan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background:</b> Cervical cancer, the fourth most frequent cancer in women, is associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV). This study identifies risk factors and clinical findings for abnormal cervical cytology and histopathology in the Trinidad and Tobago populations. Some risk factors include early age of first coitus, a high number of sexual partners, high parity, smoking, and using certain medications, such as oral contraception. This study aims to identify the significance of Papanicolaou (pap) smears and the common risk factors that contribute to the development of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions. <b>Method:</b> A three-year retrospective, descriptive study of cervical cancer was conducted at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex. The subject population included 215 female patients aged 18 years and older with the following documented abnormal cervical cytology: (ASCUS), ASC-H, LSIL, HSIL, Atypical Glandular cells, HPV, Adenocarcinoma, and Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Histopathology records were analysed for thirty-three of these patients. Patients’ information was recorded on data collection sheets adapted from the North Central Regional Health Authority’s cytology laboratory standardised reporting format request form. <b>Results and Findings:</b> The data were analysed via Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software edition 23 using frequency tables and descriptive analysis. The mean sample age of the population was 36.7 years, the first age of coitus was 18.1 years, the number of sexual partners was 3.8, and the number of live births was 2. LSIL was the most popular abnormal finding, 32.6%, followed by HSIL, 28.8%, and ASCUS, 27.4%. Most histopathological reports resulted in CIN I and II. <b>Conclusions</b>: The significant risk factors observed for cytology abnormalities and premalignant lesions were early age of coitus, a high number of sexual partners, and no use of contraception. Patients mostly presented as asymptomatic despite obtaining abnormal cytology results. Hence, regular pap smear screening should continue to be highly encouraged. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:47:17Z |
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| id | doaj.art-94fffff3073942cca35b5e9252973925 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:47:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-94fffff3073942cca35b5e92529739252023-11-17T14:19:44ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2023-03-0111369710.3390/vaccines11030697The Correlation of Papanicolaou Smears and Clinical Features to Identify the Common Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer: A Retrospective and Descriptive Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in TrinidadSrikanth Umakanthan0Maryann M. Bukelo1Saudah Ghany2La Donna Gay3Tia Gilkes4Jamila Freeman5Andre Francis6Kyle Francis7Gabriel Gajadhar8Junea Fraser9Pathology Unit, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and TobagoPathology Unit, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and Tobago<b>Background:</b> Cervical cancer, the fourth most frequent cancer in women, is associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV). This study identifies risk factors and clinical findings for abnormal cervical cytology and histopathology in the Trinidad and Tobago populations. Some risk factors include early age of first coitus, a high number of sexual partners, high parity, smoking, and using certain medications, such as oral contraception. This study aims to identify the significance of Papanicolaou (pap) smears and the common risk factors that contribute to the development of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions. <b>Method:</b> A three-year retrospective, descriptive study of cervical cancer was conducted at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex. The subject population included 215 female patients aged 18 years and older with the following documented abnormal cervical cytology: (ASCUS), ASC-H, LSIL, HSIL, Atypical Glandular cells, HPV, Adenocarcinoma, and Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Histopathology records were analysed for thirty-three of these patients. Patients’ information was recorded on data collection sheets adapted from the North Central Regional Health Authority’s cytology laboratory standardised reporting format request form. <b>Results and Findings:</b> The data were analysed via Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software edition 23 using frequency tables and descriptive analysis. The mean sample age of the population was 36.7 years, the first age of coitus was 18.1 years, the number of sexual partners was 3.8, and the number of live births was 2. LSIL was the most popular abnormal finding, 32.6%, followed by HSIL, 28.8%, and ASCUS, 27.4%. Most histopathological reports resulted in CIN I and II. <b>Conclusions</b>: The significant risk factors observed for cytology abnormalities and premalignant lesions were early age of coitus, a high number of sexual partners, and no use of contraception. Patients mostly presented as asymptomatic despite obtaining abnormal cytology results. Hence, regular pap smear screening should continue to be highly encouraged.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/3/697Papanicolaou smearsepithelial cell abnormalitycervical cancer |
| spellingShingle | Srikanth Umakanthan Maryann M. Bukelo Saudah Ghany La Donna Gay Tia Gilkes Jamila Freeman Andre Francis Kyle Francis Gabriel Gajadhar Junea Fraser The Correlation of Papanicolaou Smears and Clinical Features to Identify the Common Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer: A Retrospective and Descriptive Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Trinidad Vaccines Papanicolaou smears epithelial cell abnormality cervical cancer |
| title | The Correlation of Papanicolaou Smears and Clinical Features to Identify the Common Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer: A Retrospective and Descriptive Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Trinidad |
| title_full | The Correlation of Papanicolaou Smears and Clinical Features to Identify the Common Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer: A Retrospective and Descriptive Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Trinidad |
| title_fullStr | The Correlation of Papanicolaou Smears and Clinical Features to Identify the Common Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer: A Retrospective and Descriptive Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Trinidad |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Correlation of Papanicolaou Smears and Clinical Features to Identify the Common Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer: A Retrospective and Descriptive Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Trinidad |
| title_short | The Correlation of Papanicolaou Smears and Clinical Features to Identify the Common Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer: A Retrospective and Descriptive Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Trinidad |
| title_sort | correlation of papanicolaou smears and clinical features to identify the common risk factors for cervical cancer a retrospective and descriptive study from a tertiary care hospital in trinidad |
| topic | Papanicolaou smears epithelial cell abnormality cervical cancer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/3/697 |
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