Malnutrition Patterns in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Malnutrition is frequent in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Apart from undernutrition and protein energy wasting (PEW), overnutrition prevalence is rising, resulting in fat mass accumulation. Sedentary behavior and unbalanced diet are the most important causal factors. Both underweight a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Life |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/3/713 |
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| author | Vasiliki Karava John Dotis Antonia Kondou Nikoleta Printza |
| author_facet | Vasiliki Karava John Dotis Antonia Kondou Nikoleta Printza |
| author_sort | Vasiliki Karava |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Malnutrition is frequent in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Apart from undernutrition and protein energy wasting (PEW), overnutrition prevalence is rising, resulting in fat mass accumulation. Sedentary behavior and unbalanced diet are the most important causal factors. Both underweight and obesity are linked to adverse outcomes regarding renal function, cardiometabolic risk and mortality rate. Muscle wasting is the cornerstone finding of PEW, preceding fat loss and may lead to fatigue, musculoskeletal decline and frailty. In addition, clinical data emphasize the growing occurrence of muscle mass and strength deficits in patients with fat mass accumulation, attributed to CKD-related wasting processes, reduced physical activity and possibly to obesity-induced inflammatory diseases, leading to sarcopenic obesity. Moreover, children with CKD are susceptible to abdominal obesity, resulting from high body fat distribution into the visceral abdomen compartment. Both sarcopenic and abdominal obesity are associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. This review analyzes the pathogenetic mechanisms, current trends and outcomes of malnutrition patterns in pediatric CKD. Moreover, it underlines the importance of body composition assessment for the nutritional evaluation and summarizes the advantages and limitations of the currently available techniques. Furthermore, it highlights the benefits of growth hormone therapy and physical activity on malnutrition management. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:17:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9503375afc52440091ddb7866193dc6f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:17:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-9503375afc52440091ddb7866193dc6f2023-11-17T12:11:22ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292023-03-0113371310.3390/life13030713Malnutrition Patterns in Children with Chronic Kidney DiseaseVasiliki Karava0John Dotis1Antonia Kondou2Nikoleta Printza3Pediatric Nephrology Unit, 1st Department of Pediatrics, Hippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, GreecePediatric Nephrology Unit, 1st Department of Pediatrics, Hippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, GreecePediatric Nephrology Unit, 1st Department of Pediatrics, Hippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, GreecePediatric Nephrology Unit, 1st Department of Pediatrics, Hippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, GreeceMalnutrition is frequent in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Apart from undernutrition and protein energy wasting (PEW), overnutrition prevalence is rising, resulting in fat mass accumulation. Sedentary behavior and unbalanced diet are the most important causal factors. Both underweight and obesity are linked to adverse outcomes regarding renal function, cardiometabolic risk and mortality rate. Muscle wasting is the cornerstone finding of PEW, preceding fat loss and may lead to fatigue, musculoskeletal decline and frailty. In addition, clinical data emphasize the growing occurrence of muscle mass and strength deficits in patients with fat mass accumulation, attributed to CKD-related wasting processes, reduced physical activity and possibly to obesity-induced inflammatory diseases, leading to sarcopenic obesity. Moreover, children with CKD are susceptible to abdominal obesity, resulting from high body fat distribution into the visceral abdomen compartment. Both sarcopenic and abdominal obesity are associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. This review analyzes the pathogenetic mechanisms, current trends and outcomes of malnutrition patterns in pediatric CKD. Moreover, it underlines the importance of body composition assessment for the nutritional evaluation and summarizes the advantages and limitations of the currently available techniques. Furthermore, it highlights the benefits of growth hormone therapy and physical activity on malnutrition management.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/3/713protein energy wastingobesitysarcopeniasarcopenic obesityfrailtymuscle wasting |
| spellingShingle | Vasiliki Karava John Dotis Antonia Kondou Nikoleta Printza Malnutrition Patterns in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease Life protein energy wasting obesity sarcopenia sarcopenic obesity frailty muscle wasting |
| title | Malnutrition Patterns in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease |
| title_full | Malnutrition Patterns in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease |
| title_fullStr | Malnutrition Patterns in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Malnutrition Patterns in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease |
| title_short | Malnutrition Patterns in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease |
| title_sort | malnutrition patterns in children with chronic kidney disease |
| topic | protein energy wasting obesity sarcopenia sarcopenic obesity frailty muscle wasting |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/3/713 |
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