| Summary: | The mechanical response and deformation characteristics in calcareous sand foundations during pile driving and setup were studied using model tests combined with the technical methods of tactile pressure sensors and close-range photogrammetry. Different types of piles were considered, including a pipe pile, square pile and semi-closed steel pipe pile. The test results show that during pile driving, the pile tip resistance of different piles increases with an increase in the pile insertion depth, and an obvious fluctuation is also obtained due to the particle breakage of the calcareous sand and energy dissipation. Different degrees of particle breakage generated by different type piles make the internal stress variations different, as with the pile tip resistance. The pile tip resistance of model pile A, which simulates a pipe pile, is the highest, followed by model pile B, the simulated square pile. Model pile C, which simulates a semi-closed steel pipe pile, has the smallest pile tip resistance because its particle breakage is the most obvious and the pile tip energy cannot be continuously accumulated. The induced deformation such as sag or uplift on the surface and the associated influence range for the calcareous sand foundation are the smallest for model pile C, followed by model pile B and then model pile A. Model pile A has the most obvious pile driving effect. During the pile setup process after piling, the increase in the total internal stress of model pile B is the largest, and the improvement of the potential bearing capacity is the most obvious, followed by model pile A and model pile C. During the pile setup, the induced uplift deformation in pile driving is recovered and the potential bearing capacity increases due the redistribution and uniformity of the vertical and radial stress distributions in the calcareous sand foundation. Considering the potential bearing capacity of different model piles, the influence range of pile driving, foundation deformation and the pile setup effect, it is suggested to use a pointed square pile corresponding to model pile B in pile engineering in calcareous sand foundations.
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