Bone Fragility in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5: The Use of Vitamin D Supplementation
Frequently silent until advanced stages, bone fragility associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD) is one of the most devastating complications of CKD. Its pathophysiology includes the reduction of active vitamin D metabolites, phosphate accumulation, decreased intesti...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/3/266 |
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| author | Pablo Antonio Ureña Torres Jean Claude Souberbielle Martine Cohen Solal |
| author_facet | Pablo Antonio Ureña Torres Jean Claude Souberbielle Martine Cohen Solal |
| author_sort | Pablo Antonio Ureña Torres |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Frequently silent until advanced stages, bone fragility associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD) is one of the most devastating complications of CKD. Its pathophysiology includes the reduction of active vitamin D metabolites, phosphate accumulation, decreased intestinal calcium absorption, renal alpha klotho production, and elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels. Altogether, these factors contribute firstly to secondary hyperparathyroidism, and ultimately, to micro- and macrostructural bone changes, which lead to low bone mineral density and an increased risk of fracture. A vitamin D deficiency is common in CKD patients, and low circulating 25(OH)D levels are invariably associated with high serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels as well as with bone mineralization defects, such as osteomalacia in case of severe forms. It is also associated with a variety of non-skeletal diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and reduced immunological response. Current international guidelines recommend supplementing CKD patients with nutritional vitamin D as in the general population; however, there is no randomized clinical trial (RCT) evaluating the effect of vitamin D (or vitamin D+calcium) supplementation on the risk of fracture in the setting of CKD. It is also unknown what level of circulating 25(OH)D would be sufficient to prevent bone abnormalities and fractures in these patients. The impact of vitamin D supplementation on other surrogate endpoints, including bone mineral density and bone-related circulating biomarkers (PTH, FGF23, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, sclerostin) has been evaluated in several RTCs; however, the results were not always translated into an improvement in long-term outcomes, such as reduced fracture risk. This review provides a brief and comprehensive update on CKD-related bone fragility and the use of natural vitamin D supplementation in these patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:19:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9509be00f8834c0aa8d18cfd9cb2398e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:19:37Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-9509be00f8834c0aa8d18cfd9cb2398e2023-11-30T21:31:29ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892022-03-0112326610.3390/metabo12030266Bone Fragility in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5: The Use of Vitamin D SupplementationPablo Antonio Ureña Torres0Jean Claude Souberbielle1Martine Cohen Solal2Department of Dialysis AURA Nord Saint Ouen, 12, Rue Anselme, 93400 Saint Ouen, FranceDepartment of Renal Physiology, Necker Hospital, University of Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, FranceBioscar INSERM U1132, Department of Rheumatology, Université de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, FranceFrequently silent until advanced stages, bone fragility associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD) is one of the most devastating complications of CKD. Its pathophysiology includes the reduction of active vitamin D metabolites, phosphate accumulation, decreased intestinal calcium absorption, renal alpha klotho production, and elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels. Altogether, these factors contribute firstly to secondary hyperparathyroidism, and ultimately, to micro- and macrostructural bone changes, which lead to low bone mineral density and an increased risk of fracture. A vitamin D deficiency is common in CKD patients, and low circulating 25(OH)D levels are invariably associated with high serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels as well as with bone mineralization defects, such as osteomalacia in case of severe forms. It is also associated with a variety of non-skeletal diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and reduced immunological response. Current international guidelines recommend supplementing CKD patients with nutritional vitamin D as in the general population; however, there is no randomized clinical trial (RCT) evaluating the effect of vitamin D (or vitamin D+calcium) supplementation on the risk of fracture in the setting of CKD. It is also unknown what level of circulating 25(OH)D would be sufficient to prevent bone abnormalities and fractures in these patients. The impact of vitamin D supplementation on other surrogate endpoints, including bone mineral density and bone-related circulating biomarkers (PTH, FGF23, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, sclerostin) has been evaluated in several RTCs; however, the results were not always translated into an improvement in long-term outcomes, such as reduced fracture risk. This review provides a brief and comprehensive update on CKD-related bone fragility and the use of natural vitamin D supplementation in these patients.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/3/266fracturebone mineral densitycalciumphosphatecalcifediol25(OH)D |
| spellingShingle | Pablo Antonio Ureña Torres Jean Claude Souberbielle Martine Cohen Solal Bone Fragility in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5: The Use of Vitamin D Supplementation Metabolites fracture bone mineral density calcium phosphate calcifediol 25(OH)D |
| title | Bone Fragility in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5: The Use of Vitamin D Supplementation |
| title_full | Bone Fragility in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5: The Use of Vitamin D Supplementation |
| title_fullStr | Bone Fragility in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5: The Use of Vitamin D Supplementation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bone Fragility in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5: The Use of Vitamin D Supplementation |
| title_short | Bone Fragility in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5: The Use of Vitamin D Supplementation |
| title_sort | bone fragility in chronic kidney disease stage 3 to 5 the use of vitamin d supplementation |
| topic | fracture bone mineral density calcium phosphate calcifediol 25(OH)D |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/12/3/266 |
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