| Summary: | Auxin is an important phytohormone through plant growth and development. Aux/IAA protein, as a core component in the auxin signaling pathway, plays a vital role in various biological processes such as flower development and floral volatile metabolism in many plants. However, there were a few studies on the <i>Aux/IAA</i> gene family in <i>Prunus</i> plants in Rosaceae and expression patterns of <i>PmIAAs</i> in <i>P. mume</i>. Here, we identified a total of 108 <i>RoIAA</i> gene family members in four typical Rosaceae plants, which included 22 <i>PmIAAs</i> from <i>P. mume</i>, 22 <i>PpIAAs</i> from <i>Prunus persica</i>, 31 <i>PdIAAs</i> from <i>Prunus dulcis</i> and 33 <i>PaIAAs</i> from <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>. Subsequently, the results of the phylogenetic analysis of Aux/IAAs showed that they were categorized into ten groups, and gene structures and motifs were conservative in each group, suggesting that RoIAAs in Rosaceae species had a strong relationship. However, the physical distributions of <i>RoIAAs</i> on chromosomes of every species showed completely uneven. Gene duplications suggested that seven pairs of <i>PmIAAs</i>, eleven pairs of <i>PpIAAs</i>, eleven pairs of <i>PdIAAs</i>, and three pairs of <i>PaIAAs</i> suffered from tandem and segmental duplications. Moreover, the results of the synteny analysis indicated that <i>RoIAAs</i> in four Rosaceae species might come from one ancestor. To explore the roles of <i>PmIAAs</i> in <i>P. mume</i>, expression patterns in five tissues and at four flowering development stages were performed. The results showed that <i>PmIAAs</i> variously expressed in five tissues and five genes (<i>PmIAA2, −9</i>, <i>−10, −12</i>, and <i>−15</i>) might affect flower development and the synthesis of floral compounds in <i>P. mume</i>. This study provided valuable information for further elucidating the regulatory function of PmIAAs in metabolism processes in <i>P. mume</i>.
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