Ultra-Low Power 32kHz Crystal Oscillators: Fundamentals and Design Techniques
One of the challenges to the proliferation of Internet of Things is ultra-low power circuit design. Wireless nodes common in IoT applications use sleep timers to synchronize with each other and enable heavy duty cycling of power-hungry communication blocks to reduce average power. 32kHz crystal osci...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
IEEE
2021-01-01
|
| Series: | IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9542926/ |
| _version_ | 1797197406303944704 |
|---|---|
| author | Li Xu David Blaauw Dennis Sylvester |
| author_facet | Li Xu David Blaauw Dennis Sylvester |
| author_sort | Li Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One of the challenges to the proliferation of Internet of Things is ultra-low power circuit design. Wireless nodes common in IoT applications use sleep timers to synchronize with each other and enable heavy duty cycling of power-hungry communication blocks to reduce average power. 32kHz crystal oscillators remain the most popular choice for sleep timers thanks to their frequency stability, simplicity, and low cost. Because sleep timers must be always on, their power consumption must be low compared to the average power of wireless nodes. Meantime, 32kHz crystal oscillators must operate reliably under process, voltage, and temperature variations and exhibit good long-term stability, which make circuit design challenging considering their ultra-low power operation. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in ultra-low power 32kHz crystal oscillators. Fundamentals of crystal oscillators are introduced and analyzed from the perspective of power and frequency stability. Based on these fundamentals and analyses, existing design techniques of 32kHz crystal oscillators are discussed, highlighting the evolution of architectures in ultra-low power 32kHz crystal oscillators. Finally, research directions related to 32kHz crystal oscillators are introduced. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T06:43:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-95423c7b4f8544749ffbdd855cf8e53a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2644-1349 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T06:43:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society |
| spelling | doaj.art-95423c7b4f8544749ffbdd855cf8e53a2024-04-22T20:40:21ZengIEEEIEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society2644-13492021-01-011799310.1109/OJSSCS.2021.31138899542926Ultra-Low Power 32kHz Crystal Oscillators: Fundamentals and Design TechniquesLi Xu0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5968-5751David Blaauw1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6744-7075Dennis Sylvester2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2598-0458Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USAOne of the challenges to the proliferation of Internet of Things is ultra-low power circuit design. Wireless nodes common in IoT applications use sleep timers to synchronize with each other and enable heavy duty cycling of power-hungry communication blocks to reduce average power. 32kHz crystal oscillators remain the most popular choice for sleep timers thanks to their frequency stability, simplicity, and low cost. Because sleep timers must be always on, their power consumption must be low compared to the average power of wireless nodes. Meantime, 32kHz crystal oscillators must operate reliably under process, voltage, and temperature variations and exhibit good long-term stability, which make circuit design challenging considering their ultra-low power operation. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in ultra-low power 32kHz crystal oscillators. Fundamentals of crystal oscillators are introduced and analyzed from the perspective of power and frequency stability. Based on these fundamentals and analyses, existing design techniques of 32kHz crystal oscillators are discussed, highlighting the evolution of architectures in ultra-low power 32kHz crystal oscillators. Finally, research directions related to 32kHz crystal oscillators are introduced.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9542926/Frequency referencecrystal oscillatorultra-low powerpulse injectionlong-term stabilitysubharmonic injection |
| spellingShingle | Li Xu David Blaauw Dennis Sylvester Ultra-Low Power 32kHz Crystal Oscillators: Fundamentals and Design Techniques IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society Frequency reference crystal oscillator ultra-low power pulse injection long-term stability subharmonic injection |
| title | Ultra-Low Power 32kHz Crystal Oscillators: Fundamentals and Design Techniques |
| title_full | Ultra-Low Power 32kHz Crystal Oscillators: Fundamentals and Design Techniques |
| title_fullStr | Ultra-Low Power 32kHz Crystal Oscillators: Fundamentals and Design Techniques |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ultra-Low Power 32kHz Crystal Oscillators: Fundamentals and Design Techniques |
| title_short | Ultra-Low Power 32kHz Crystal Oscillators: Fundamentals and Design Techniques |
| title_sort | ultra low power 32khz crystal oscillators fundamentals and design techniques |
| topic | Frequency reference crystal oscillator ultra-low power pulse injection long-term stability subharmonic injection |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9542926/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lixu ultralowpower32khzcrystaloscillatorsfundamentalsanddesigntechniques AT davidblaauw ultralowpower32khzcrystaloscillatorsfundamentalsanddesigntechniques AT dennissylvester ultralowpower32khzcrystaloscillatorsfundamentalsanddesigntechniques |