A Novel Approach for Enhanced Osteosarcoma Photodynamic Therapy Using Encapsulated Methylene Blue in Silica Nanoparticles
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cutting-edge cancer treatment that utilizes both light and photosensitizers (PSs) to attack cancer cells. Methylene blue (MB) has emerged as a highly promising photosensitizer (PS) in PDT therapy due to its exceptional ability to produce singlet oxygen, which is attri...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Composites Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/7/4/137 |
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| author | Khaled Al Jarrah M-Ali H. Al-Akhras Ghaseb N. Makhadmeh Tariq AlZoubi Abdulsalam Abuelsamen Samer H. Zyoud Mohammad A. Mhareb Azlan Abdul Aziz Osama Abu Noqta |
| author_facet | Khaled Al Jarrah M-Ali H. Al-Akhras Ghaseb N. Makhadmeh Tariq AlZoubi Abdulsalam Abuelsamen Samer H. Zyoud Mohammad A. Mhareb Azlan Abdul Aziz Osama Abu Noqta |
| author_sort | Khaled Al Jarrah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cutting-edge cancer treatment that utilizes both light and photosensitizers (PSs) to attack cancer cells. Methylene blue (MB) has emerged as a highly promising photosensitizer (PS) in PDT therapy due to its exceptional ability to produce singlet oxygen, which is attributed to its high quantum yield. However, the main challenge in utilizing MB in photodynamic therapy is its effective delivery to the target tissue. This challenge can be addressed by utilizing silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) as a drug delivery agent. Silica nanoparticles encapsulate MB and prevent its leakage, offering a novel approach to improving PDT therapy by reducing the toxicity of MB and increasing its bioavailability at the target cell. In this study, an extensive analysis of the size and shape evolution of the synthesized silica nanoparticles loaded with MB was conducted using TEM. Various encapsulated and bare MB concentrations were tested for cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, the optimal concentration and exposure time under light (with an intensity of approximately 8.9 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> in the visible range) were determined to achieve maximum cell elimination. The results revealed that encapsulated MB in SiNPs exhibited a higher efficacy compared to naked MB, with a 50% increase in concentration effectiveness and a 90% increase in exposure time efficacy. This confirms that encapsulated MB in SiNPs is more effective in killing osteosarcoma cells than bare MB, thereby enhancing photodynamic therapy through increased bioavailability of MB in target cells. The enhanced bioavailability of MB in target cells as a result of its encapsulation in SiNPs makes it a highly promising drug delivery candidate for significantly enhancing the efficacy of photodynamic therapy against osteosarcomas. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:53:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-956c72e824794c3186253b754f33405f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2504-477X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:53:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Composites Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-956c72e824794c3186253b754f33405f2023-11-17T19:52:13ZengMDPI AGJournal of Composites Science2504-477X2023-04-017413710.3390/jcs7040137A Novel Approach for Enhanced Osteosarcoma Photodynamic Therapy Using Encapsulated Methylene Blue in Silica NanoparticlesKhaled Al Jarrah0M-Ali H. Al-Akhras1Ghaseb N. Makhadmeh2Tariq AlZoubi3Abdulsalam Abuelsamen4Samer H. Zyoud5Mohammad A. Mhareb6Azlan Abdul Aziz7Osama Abu Noqta8Physics Department, Biomedical Physics Laboratory, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanPhysics Department, Biomedical Physics Laboratory, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanPhysics Department, Biomedical Physics Laboratory, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanCollege of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, KuwaitMedical Imaging and Radiography Department, Aqaba University of Technology, Aqaba 910122, JordanNonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi ArabiaNano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, MalaysiaPhysics Department, Biomedical Physics Laboratory, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cutting-edge cancer treatment that utilizes both light and photosensitizers (PSs) to attack cancer cells. Methylene blue (MB) has emerged as a highly promising photosensitizer (PS) in PDT therapy due to its exceptional ability to produce singlet oxygen, which is attributed to its high quantum yield. However, the main challenge in utilizing MB in photodynamic therapy is its effective delivery to the target tissue. This challenge can be addressed by utilizing silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) as a drug delivery agent. Silica nanoparticles encapsulate MB and prevent its leakage, offering a novel approach to improving PDT therapy by reducing the toxicity of MB and increasing its bioavailability at the target cell. In this study, an extensive analysis of the size and shape evolution of the synthesized silica nanoparticles loaded with MB was conducted using TEM. Various encapsulated and bare MB concentrations were tested for cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, the optimal concentration and exposure time under light (with an intensity of approximately 8.9 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> in the visible range) were determined to achieve maximum cell elimination. The results revealed that encapsulated MB in SiNPs exhibited a higher efficacy compared to naked MB, with a 50% increase in concentration effectiveness and a 90% increase in exposure time efficacy. This confirms that encapsulated MB in SiNPs is more effective in killing osteosarcoma cells than bare MB, thereby enhancing photodynamic therapy through increased bioavailability of MB in target cells. The enhanced bioavailability of MB in target cells as a result of its encapsulation in SiNPs makes it a highly promising drug delivery candidate for significantly enhancing the efficacy of photodynamic therapy against osteosarcomas.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/7/4/137photodynamic therapymethylene bluesilica nanoparticlesencapsulationosteosarcoma cells |
| spellingShingle | Khaled Al Jarrah M-Ali H. Al-Akhras Ghaseb N. Makhadmeh Tariq AlZoubi Abdulsalam Abuelsamen Samer H. Zyoud Mohammad A. Mhareb Azlan Abdul Aziz Osama Abu Noqta A Novel Approach for Enhanced Osteosarcoma Photodynamic Therapy Using Encapsulated Methylene Blue in Silica Nanoparticles Journal of Composites Science photodynamic therapy methylene blue silica nanoparticles encapsulation osteosarcoma cells |
| title | A Novel Approach for Enhanced Osteosarcoma Photodynamic Therapy Using Encapsulated Methylene Blue in Silica Nanoparticles |
| title_full | A Novel Approach for Enhanced Osteosarcoma Photodynamic Therapy Using Encapsulated Methylene Blue in Silica Nanoparticles |
| title_fullStr | A Novel Approach for Enhanced Osteosarcoma Photodynamic Therapy Using Encapsulated Methylene Blue in Silica Nanoparticles |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Novel Approach for Enhanced Osteosarcoma Photodynamic Therapy Using Encapsulated Methylene Blue in Silica Nanoparticles |
| title_short | A Novel Approach for Enhanced Osteosarcoma Photodynamic Therapy Using Encapsulated Methylene Blue in Silica Nanoparticles |
| title_sort | novel approach for enhanced osteosarcoma photodynamic therapy using encapsulated methylene blue in silica nanoparticles |
| topic | photodynamic therapy methylene blue silica nanoparticles encapsulation osteosarcoma cells |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/7/4/137 |
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