The Role of Adjuvant Systemic and Intravitreal Corticosteroids in Fungal Endophthalmitis Treatment
Endophthalmitis refers to inflammation involving internal ocular structures, including the anterior and posterior eye segments, associated with infectious agents, most commonly bacteria and fungi. This review focuses on endophthalmitis caused by fungi. Medical and surgical management are the two mai...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/12/1147 |
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| author | Jamal Azhari Pedro S. Tetelbom Ahmed B. Sallam |
| author_facet | Jamal Azhari Pedro S. Tetelbom Ahmed B. Sallam |
| author_sort | Jamal Azhari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Endophthalmitis refers to inflammation involving internal ocular structures, including the anterior and posterior eye segments, associated with infectious agents, most commonly bacteria and fungi. This review focuses on endophthalmitis caused by fungi. Medical and surgical management are the two main treatment modalities for fungal endophthalmitis, with medical management utilizing systemic or intravitreal antifungals. The use of systemic or intravitreal corticosteroids as an adjuvant treatment to dampen the severity of inflammation is controversial. Based on the pathobiology of fungal endophthalmitis as well as the mechanism of action of corticosteroids, it was hypothesized that corticosteroids affected the immune response against fungal infection. In vitro studies mostly carried out during the 1980s showed that dexamethasone plays a role in the suppression of phagocytosis of yeasts and demonstrated the facilitation of yeast proliferation by dexamethasone. In vivo studies analysis was compromised entirely of retrospective studies describing steroid use in fungal endophthalmitis, with the outcomes of the patients in these studies varying greatly and often being anecdotally noted, thus difficult to discern any definitive results. Given the limited clinical data and the heterogeneity of the existing studies, additional experimentation human studies with clinical trials or observations over more extended periods analyzing the effect of systemic and intravitreal corticosteroids in fungal endophthalmitis are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:37:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-95a867456f3a4e1cbe5d3ce45e7501a1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:37:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-95a867456f3a4e1cbe5d3ce45e7501a12023-12-22T14:19:17ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2023-11-01912114710.3390/jof9121147The Role of Adjuvant Systemic and Intravitreal Corticosteroids in Fungal Endophthalmitis TreatmentJamal Azhari0Pedro S. Tetelbom1Ahmed B. Sallam2Department of Ophthalmology, Harvey and Bernice Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADepartment of Ophthalmology, Harvey and Bernice Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USADepartment of Ophthalmology, Harvey and Bernice Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USAEndophthalmitis refers to inflammation involving internal ocular structures, including the anterior and posterior eye segments, associated with infectious agents, most commonly bacteria and fungi. This review focuses on endophthalmitis caused by fungi. Medical and surgical management are the two main treatment modalities for fungal endophthalmitis, with medical management utilizing systemic or intravitreal antifungals. The use of systemic or intravitreal corticosteroids as an adjuvant treatment to dampen the severity of inflammation is controversial. Based on the pathobiology of fungal endophthalmitis as well as the mechanism of action of corticosteroids, it was hypothesized that corticosteroids affected the immune response against fungal infection. In vitro studies mostly carried out during the 1980s showed that dexamethasone plays a role in the suppression of phagocytosis of yeasts and demonstrated the facilitation of yeast proliferation by dexamethasone. In vivo studies analysis was compromised entirely of retrospective studies describing steroid use in fungal endophthalmitis, with the outcomes of the patients in these studies varying greatly and often being anecdotally noted, thus difficult to discern any definitive results. Given the limited clinical data and the heterogeneity of the existing studies, additional experimentation human studies with clinical trials or observations over more extended periods analyzing the effect of systemic and intravitreal corticosteroids in fungal endophthalmitis are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/12/1147fungal endophthalmitisinflammatory responsepathobiologysystemic corticosteroidsintravitreal corticosteroids<i>Candida</i> |
| spellingShingle | Jamal Azhari Pedro S. Tetelbom Ahmed B. Sallam The Role of Adjuvant Systemic and Intravitreal Corticosteroids in Fungal Endophthalmitis Treatment Journal of Fungi fungal endophthalmitis inflammatory response pathobiology systemic corticosteroids intravitreal corticosteroids <i>Candida</i> |
| title | The Role of Adjuvant Systemic and Intravitreal Corticosteroids in Fungal Endophthalmitis Treatment |
| title_full | The Role of Adjuvant Systemic and Intravitreal Corticosteroids in Fungal Endophthalmitis Treatment |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Adjuvant Systemic and Intravitreal Corticosteroids in Fungal Endophthalmitis Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Adjuvant Systemic and Intravitreal Corticosteroids in Fungal Endophthalmitis Treatment |
| title_short | The Role of Adjuvant Systemic and Intravitreal Corticosteroids in Fungal Endophthalmitis Treatment |
| title_sort | role of adjuvant systemic and intravitreal corticosteroids in fungal endophthalmitis treatment |
| topic | fungal endophthalmitis inflammatory response pathobiology systemic corticosteroids intravitreal corticosteroids <i>Candida</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/12/1147 |
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