Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste
Hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca<sub>10</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>)-based porous scaffolds have been widely investigated in the last three decades. HA, with excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, has made this material widely us...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Inorganics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/11/11/427 |
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| author | Perabathula Satish Komalakrushna Hadagalli Lakkimsetti Lakshmi Praveen Mahin Saif Nowl Asiful H. Seikh Ibrahim A. Alnaser Hany S. Abdo Saumen Mandal |
| author_facet | Perabathula Satish Komalakrushna Hadagalli Lakkimsetti Lakshmi Praveen Mahin Saif Nowl Asiful H. Seikh Ibrahim A. Alnaser Hany S. Abdo Saumen Mandal |
| author_sort | Perabathula Satish |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca<sub>10</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>)-based porous scaffolds have been widely investigated in the last three decades. HA, with excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, has made this material widely used in bone tissue engineering. To improve the mechano-biological properties of HA, the addition of clay to develop HA-based composite scaffolds has gained considerable interest from researchers. In this study, a cost-effective method to prepare a HA–clay composite was demonstrated via the mechanical mixing method, wherein kaolin was used because of its biocompatibility. Prawn (<i>Fenneropenaeus indicus</i>) exoskeleton biowaste was utilized as a raw source to synthesize pure HA using wet chemical synthesis. HA–clay composites were prepared by reinforcing HA with 10, 20, and 30 wt.% of kaolin via the mechanical mixing method. A series of characterization tools such as XRD, FTIR, Raman, and FESEM analysis confirmed the phases and characteristic structural and vibrations bonds along with the morphology of sintered bare HA, HA–kaolin clay composite, and kaolin alone, respectively. The HA–clay composite pellets, uniaxially pressed and sintered at 1100 °C for 2 h, were subjected to a compression test, and an enhancement in mechanical and physical properties, with the highest compressive strength of 35 MPa and a retained open porosity of 33%, was achieved in the HA–kaolin (20 wt.%) clay composite, in comparison with bare HA. The addition of 20% kaolin to HA enhanced its compressive strength by 33.7% and increased its open porosity by 19% when compared with bare HA. The reinforcement of HA with different amounts (10, 20, 30 wt.%) of kaolin could open up a new direction of preparing biocomposite scaffolds with enhanced mechanical properties, improved wear, and better cell proliferation in the field of bone tissue engineering. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:44:11Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:44:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| series | Inorganics |
| spelling | doaj.art-95e59c55c9504a999a3bd6bd058d88f42023-11-24T14:48:25ZengMDPI AGInorganics2304-67402023-10-01111142710.3390/inorganics11110427Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton BiowastePerabathula Satish0Komalakrushna Hadagalli1Lakkimsetti Lakshmi Praveen2Mahin Saif Nowl3Asiful H. Seikh4Ibrahim A. Alnaser5Hany S. Abdo6Saumen Mandal7Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, IndiaDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, IndiaDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, IndiaDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, IndiaCenter of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaCenter of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaCenter of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, IndiaHydroxyapatite (HA, Ca<sub>10</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>)-based porous scaffolds have been widely investigated in the last three decades. HA, with excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, has made this material widely used in bone tissue engineering. To improve the mechano-biological properties of HA, the addition of clay to develop HA-based composite scaffolds has gained considerable interest from researchers. In this study, a cost-effective method to prepare a HA–clay composite was demonstrated via the mechanical mixing method, wherein kaolin was used because of its biocompatibility. Prawn (<i>Fenneropenaeus indicus</i>) exoskeleton biowaste was utilized as a raw source to synthesize pure HA using wet chemical synthesis. HA–clay composites were prepared by reinforcing HA with 10, 20, and 30 wt.% of kaolin via the mechanical mixing method. A series of characterization tools such as XRD, FTIR, Raman, and FESEM analysis confirmed the phases and characteristic structural and vibrations bonds along with the morphology of sintered bare HA, HA–kaolin clay composite, and kaolin alone, respectively. The HA–clay composite pellets, uniaxially pressed and sintered at 1100 °C for 2 h, were subjected to a compression test, and an enhancement in mechanical and physical properties, with the highest compressive strength of 35 MPa and a retained open porosity of 33%, was achieved in the HA–kaolin (20 wt.%) clay composite, in comparison with bare HA. The addition of 20% kaolin to HA enhanced its compressive strength by 33.7% and increased its open porosity by 19% when compared with bare HA. The reinforcement of HA with different amounts (10, 20, 30 wt.%) of kaolin could open up a new direction of preparing biocomposite scaffolds with enhanced mechanical properties, improved wear, and better cell proliferation in the field of bone tissue engineering.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/11/11/427hydroxyapatiteclaysinteringcompositecompressive strengthporosity |
| spellingShingle | Perabathula Satish Komalakrushna Hadagalli Lakkimsetti Lakshmi Praveen Mahin Saif Nowl Asiful H. Seikh Ibrahim A. Alnaser Hany S. Abdo Saumen Mandal Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste Inorganics hydroxyapatite clay sintering composite compressive strength porosity |
| title | Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste |
| title_full | Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste |
| title_fullStr | Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste |
| title_short | Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste |
| title_sort | hydroxyapatite clay composite for bone tissue engineering effective utilization of prawn exoskeleton biowaste |
| topic | hydroxyapatite clay sintering composite compressive strength porosity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/11/11/427 |
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