Evaluation of the Toxicity of Microcyclamide Produced by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> in <i>Danio rerio</i> Embryos
The genus of cyanobacteria <i>Microcystis</i> is one of the most recurrent in blooms and is associated with the hepatotoxin microcystin production. In addition to cyanotoxins, these bacteria produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with a wide repertoire of activities. The co-occurr...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/2/128 |
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| author | Paloma Nathane Nunes de Freitas Kazumi Kinoshita Teramoto Alexander Ossanes de Souza Ernani Pinto |
| author_facet | Paloma Nathane Nunes de Freitas Kazumi Kinoshita Teramoto Alexander Ossanes de Souza Ernani Pinto |
| author_sort | Paloma Nathane Nunes de Freitas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The genus of cyanobacteria <i>Microcystis</i> is one of the most recurrent in blooms and is associated with the hepatotoxin microcystin production. In addition to cyanotoxins, these bacteria produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with a wide repertoire of activities. The co-occurrence of cyanotoxins and other cyanopeptides during blooming is quite common, and the negative effects are not always limited to one class of toxins, which makes it essential to investigate the toxicity of the other compounds individually. The objective of this study was to isolate the cyanopeptide microcyclamide produced by the strain <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> LTPNA 08 by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with a quadrupole-time-of-flight analyzer (LC-HR-QTOF-MS/MS) and to evaluate its acute toxicity in embryos of <i>Danio rerio</i> through the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) assay. The fraction containing microcyclamide (95% purity) caused lethality in 62% of the embryos after 96 h exposure (50 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>), with evidence of cardiotoxicity (cardiac edema). The calculated LC<sub>50</sub> value was 42.98 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> (with a concentration range of 37.79–48.89 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>). The characterization of the secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria and the investigation of the toxicity of these compounds individually are essential for the identification of the substances responsible for negative effects on living organisms and on the ecosystem, in addition to assisting in the development of risk management policies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:04:01Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:04:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-95ec14aa40e2482dadde0d814b8d796d2023-11-16T23:37:19ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-01-0111212810.3390/toxics11020128Evaluation of the Toxicity of Microcyclamide Produced by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> in <i>Danio rerio</i> EmbryosPaloma Nathane Nunes de Freitas0Kazumi Kinoshita Teramoto1Alexander Ossanes de Souza2Ernani Pinto3Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, BrazilSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, BrazilNuclear Energy in Agriculture Center, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13416-000, BrazilLuiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, BrazilThe genus of cyanobacteria <i>Microcystis</i> is one of the most recurrent in blooms and is associated with the hepatotoxin microcystin production. In addition to cyanotoxins, these bacteria produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with a wide repertoire of activities. The co-occurrence of cyanotoxins and other cyanopeptides during blooming is quite common, and the negative effects are not always limited to one class of toxins, which makes it essential to investigate the toxicity of the other compounds individually. The objective of this study was to isolate the cyanopeptide microcyclamide produced by the strain <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> LTPNA 08 by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with a quadrupole-time-of-flight analyzer (LC-HR-QTOF-MS/MS) and to evaluate its acute toxicity in embryos of <i>Danio rerio</i> through the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) assay. The fraction containing microcyclamide (95% purity) caused lethality in 62% of the embryos after 96 h exposure (50 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>), with evidence of cardiotoxicity (cardiac edema). The calculated LC<sub>50</sub> value was 42.98 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> (with a concentration range of 37.79–48.89 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>). The characterization of the secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria and the investigation of the toxicity of these compounds individually are essential for the identification of the substances responsible for negative effects on living organisms and on the ecosystem, in addition to assisting in the development of risk management policies.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/2/128cyanobacteriacyanopeptidesmicrocyclamidetoxicityzebrafish |
| spellingShingle | Paloma Nathane Nunes de Freitas Kazumi Kinoshita Teramoto Alexander Ossanes de Souza Ernani Pinto Evaluation of the Toxicity of Microcyclamide Produced by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> in <i>Danio rerio</i> Embryos Toxics cyanobacteria cyanopeptides microcyclamide toxicity zebrafish |
| title | Evaluation of the Toxicity of Microcyclamide Produced by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> in <i>Danio rerio</i> Embryos |
| title_full | Evaluation of the Toxicity of Microcyclamide Produced by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> in <i>Danio rerio</i> Embryos |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of the Toxicity of Microcyclamide Produced by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> in <i>Danio rerio</i> Embryos |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of the Toxicity of Microcyclamide Produced by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> in <i>Danio rerio</i> Embryos |
| title_short | Evaluation of the Toxicity of Microcyclamide Produced by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> in <i>Danio rerio</i> Embryos |
| title_sort | evaluation of the toxicity of microcyclamide produced by i microcystis aeruginosa i in i danio rerio i embryos |
| topic | cyanobacteria cyanopeptides microcyclamide toxicity zebrafish |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/2/128 |
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