Reconstruction of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Acid Synthesis Pathways in Marine Red Microalga <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> Using Lipidomics and Transcriptomics
The marine red microalga <i>Porphyridium</i> can simultaneously synthesize long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, EPA) and arachidonic acid (C20:4, ARA). However, the distribution and synthesis pathways of EPA and ARA in <i>Porphyridium</...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-02-01
|
| Series: | Marine Drugs |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/2/82 |
| _version_ | 1797297632711802880 |
|---|---|
| author | Tao Li Chulin Li Weinan Wang Hualian Wu Houbo Wu Jin Xu Wenzhou Xiang |
| author_facet | Tao Li Chulin Li Weinan Wang Hualian Wu Houbo Wu Jin Xu Wenzhou Xiang |
| author_sort | Tao Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The marine red microalga <i>Porphyridium</i> can simultaneously synthesize long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, EPA) and arachidonic acid (C20:4, ARA). However, the distribution and synthesis pathways of EPA and ARA in <i>Porphyridium</i> are not clearly understood. In this study, <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> CCALA 415 was cultured in nitrogen-replete and nitrogen-limited conditions. Fatty acid content determination, transcriptomic, and lipidomic analyses were used to investigate the synthesis of ARA and EPA. The results show that membrane lipids were the main components of lipids, while storage lipids were present in a small proportion in CCALA 415. Nitrogen limitation enhanced the synthesis of storage lipids and ω6 fatty acids while inhibiting the synthesis of membrane lipids and ω3 fatty acids. A total of 217 glycerolipid molecular species were identified, and the most abundant species included monogalactosyldiglyceride (C16:0/C20:5) (MGDG) and phosphatidylcholine (C16:0/C20:4) (PC). ARA was mainly distributed in PC, and EPA was mainly distributed in MGDG. Among all the fatty acid desaturases (FADs), the expressions of Δ5FAD, Δ6FAD, Δ9FAD, and Δ12FAD were up-regulated, whereas those of Δ15FAD and Δ17FAD were down-regulated. Based on these results, only a small proportion of EPA was synthesized through the ω3 pathway, while the majority of EPA was synthesized through the ω6 pathway. ARA synthesized in the ER was likely shuttled into the chloroplast by DAG and was converted into EPA by Δ17FAD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:23:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9606df7b2e1b4f658b4787dde747795f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:23:55Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-9606df7b2e1b4f658b4787dde747795f2024-02-23T15:25:17ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972024-02-012228210.3390/md22020082Reconstruction of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Acid Synthesis Pathways in Marine Red Microalga <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> Using Lipidomics and TranscriptomicsTao Li0Chulin Li1Weinan Wang2Hualian Wu3Houbo Wu4Jin Xu5Wenzhou Xiang6CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, ChinaGuangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, ChinaThe marine red microalga <i>Porphyridium</i> can simultaneously synthesize long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, EPA) and arachidonic acid (C20:4, ARA). However, the distribution and synthesis pathways of EPA and ARA in <i>Porphyridium</i> are not clearly understood. In this study, <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> CCALA 415 was cultured in nitrogen-replete and nitrogen-limited conditions. Fatty acid content determination, transcriptomic, and lipidomic analyses were used to investigate the synthesis of ARA and EPA. The results show that membrane lipids were the main components of lipids, while storage lipids were present in a small proportion in CCALA 415. Nitrogen limitation enhanced the synthesis of storage lipids and ω6 fatty acids while inhibiting the synthesis of membrane lipids and ω3 fatty acids. A total of 217 glycerolipid molecular species were identified, and the most abundant species included monogalactosyldiglyceride (C16:0/C20:5) (MGDG) and phosphatidylcholine (C16:0/C20:4) (PC). ARA was mainly distributed in PC, and EPA was mainly distributed in MGDG. Among all the fatty acid desaturases (FADs), the expressions of Δ5FAD, Δ6FAD, Δ9FAD, and Δ12FAD were up-regulated, whereas those of Δ15FAD and Δ17FAD were down-regulated. Based on these results, only a small proportion of EPA was synthesized through the ω3 pathway, while the majority of EPA was synthesized through the ω6 pathway. ARA synthesized in the ER was likely shuttled into the chloroplast by DAG and was converted into EPA by Δ17FAD.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/2/82<i>Porphyridium</i>EPAlipidomicsω3 and ω6 pathwayfatty acid desaturase |
| spellingShingle | Tao Li Chulin Li Weinan Wang Hualian Wu Houbo Wu Jin Xu Wenzhou Xiang Reconstruction of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Acid Synthesis Pathways in Marine Red Microalga <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> Using Lipidomics and Transcriptomics Marine Drugs <i>Porphyridium</i> EPA lipidomics ω3 and ω6 pathway fatty acid desaturase |
| title | Reconstruction of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Acid Synthesis Pathways in Marine Red Microalga <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> Using Lipidomics and Transcriptomics |
| title_full | Reconstruction of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Acid Synthesis Pathways in Marine Red Microalga <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> Using Lipidomics and Transcriptomics |
| title_fullStr | Reconstruction of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Acid Synthesis Pathways in Marine Red Microalga <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> Using Lipidomics and Transcriptomics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reconstruction of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Acid Synthesis Pathways in Marine Red Microalga <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> Using Lipidomics and Transcriptomics |
| title_short | Reconstruction of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Acid Synthesis Pathways in Marine Red Microalga <i>Porphyridium cruentum</i> Using Lipidomics and Transcriptomics |
| title_sort | reconstruction of long chain polyunsaturated acid synthesis pathways in marine red microalga i porphyridium cruentum i using lipidomics and transcriptomics |
| topic | <i>Porphyridium</i> EPA lipidomics ω3 and ω6 pathway fatty acid desaturase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/2/82 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT taoli reconstructionoflongchainpolyunsaturatedacidsynthesispathwaysinmarineredmicroalgaiporphyridiumcruentumiusinglipidomicsandtranscriptomics AT chulinli reconstructionoflongchainpolyunsaturatedacidsynthesispathwaysinmarineredmicroalgaiporphyridiumcruentumiusinglipidomicsandtranscriptomics AT weinanwang reconstructionoflongchainpolyunsaturatedacidsynthesispathwaysinmarineredmicroalgaiporphyridiumcruentumiusinglipidomicsandtranscriptomics AT hualianwu reconstructionoflongchainpolyunsaturatedacidsynthesispathwaysinmarineredmicroalgaiporphyridiumcruentumiusinglipidomicsandtranscriptomics AT houbowu reconstructionoflongchainpolyunsaturatedacidsynthesispathwaysinmarineredmicroalgaiporphyridiumcruentumiusinglipidomicsandtranscriptomics AT jinxu reconstructionoflongchainpolyunsaturatedacidsynthesispathwaysinmarineredmicroalgaiporphyridiumcruentumiusinglipidomicsandtranscriptomics AT wenzhouxiang reconstructionoflongchainpolyunsaturatedacidsynthesispathwaysinmarineredmicroalgaiporphyridiumcruentumiusinglipidomicsandtranscriptomics |