Non-Destructive X-ray Spectrometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Metal Containers and Their Contents, from Ancient Macedonia
This work describes a holistic archaeometric approach to ancient Macedonian specimens. In the region of the ancient city Lete, the deceased members of a rich and important family were interred in a cluster of seven tombs (4th century BC). Among the numerous grave goods, there was also a set of metal...
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MDPI AG
2018-06-01
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| author | Christos S. Katsifas Despina Ignatiadou Anastasia Zacharopoulou Nikolaos Kantiranis Ioannis Karapanagiotis George A. Zachariadis |
| author_facet | Christos S. Katsifas Despina Ignatiadou Anastasia Zacharopoulou Nikolaos Kantiranis Ioannis Karapanagiotis George A. Zachariadis |
| author_sort | Christos S. Katsifas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work describes a holistic archaeometric approach to ancient Macedonian specimens. In the region of the ancient city Lete, the deceased members of a rich and important family were interred in a cluster of seven tombs (4th century BC). Among the numerous grave goods, there was also a set of metal containers preserving their original content. The physico-chemical analysis of the containers and their contents was performed in order to understand the purpose of their use. For the containers, Energy Dispersive micro-X-Ray Fluorescence (EDμXRF) spectroscopy was implemented taking advantage of its non-invasive character. The case (B35) and the small pyxis (B37) were made of a binary Cu-Sn alloy accompanied by a slight amount of impurities (Fe, Pb, As) and the two miniature bowls were made of almost pure Cu. For the study of the contents, a combination of EDμXRF, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out. Especially for the extraction of the volatile compounds, the Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) technique was used in the headspace mode. Because of the detection of Br, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Diode-Array-Detector (HPLC-DAD) was implemented, confirming the existence of the ancient dye shellfish purple (porphyra in Greek). The analytical results of the combined implementation of spectrometric and chromatographic analytical techniques of the metal containers and their contents expand our knowledge about the pharmaceutical practices in Macedonia during the 4th century BC. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:54:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-961c544dbd2c494988d2d7850a174383 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-8739 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:54:48Z |
| publishDate | 2018-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Separations |
| spelling | doaj.art-961c544dbd2c494988d2d7850a1743832022-12-22T02:21:40ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392018-06-01523210.3390/separations5020032separations5020032Non-Destructive X-ray Spectrometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Metal Containers and Their Contents, from Ancient MacedoniaChristos S. Katsifas0Despina Ignatiadou1Anastasia Zacharopoulou2Nikolaos Kantiranis3Ioannis Karapanagiotis4George A. Zachariadis5Laboratory of Physico-Chemical Studies & Archaeometry, Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, 54013 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Sculpture, National Archaeological Museum, 10682 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Physico-Chemical Studies & Archaeometry, Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, 54013 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Management and Conservation of Ecclesiastical Cultural Heritage Objects, University Ecclesiastical Academy of Thessaloniki, N. Plastira 65, 54250 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceThis work describes a holistic archaeometric approach to ancient Macedonian specimens. In the region of the ancient city Lete, the deceased members of a rich and important family were interred in a cluster of seven tombs (4th century BC). Among the numerous grave goods, there was also a set of metal containers preserving their original content. The physico-chemical analysis of the containers and their contents was performed in order to understand the purpose of their use. For the containers, Energy Dispersive micro-X-Ray Fluorescence (EDμXRF) spectroscopy was implemented taking advantage of its non-invasive character. The case (B35) and the small pyxis (B37) were made of a binary Cu-Sn alloy accompanied by a slight amount of impurities (Fe, Pb, As) and the two miniature bowls were made of almost pure Cu. For the study of the contents, a combination of EDμXRF, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out. Especially for the extraction of the volatile compounds, the Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) technique was used in the headspace mode. Because of the detection of Br, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Diode-Array-Detector (HPLC-DAD) was implemented, confirming the existence of the ancient dye shellfish purple (porphyra in Greek). The analytical results of the combined implementation of spectrometric and chromatographic analytical techniques of the metal containers and their contents expand our knowledge about the pharmaceutical practices in Macedonia during the 4th century BC.http://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/5/2/32DerveniAncient Macedoniamicro-XRFXRDHPLC-DADHS-SPME/GC-MSancient medicinesancient pharmaceuticalsshellfish purpleporphyrahigh-tin bronzesbronzes |
| spellingShingle | Christos S. Katsifas Despina Ignatiadou Anastasia Zacharopoulou Nikolaos Kantiranis Ioannis Karapanagiotis George A. Zachariadis Non-Destructive X-ray Spectrometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Metal Containers and Their Contents, from Ancient Macedonia Separations Derveni Ancient Macedonia micro-XRF XRD HPLC-DAD HS-SPME/GC-MS ancient medicines ancient pharmaceuticals shellfish purple porphyra high-tin bronzes bronzes |
| title | Non-Destructive X-ray Spectrometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Metal Containers and Their Contents, from Ancient Macedonia |
| title_full | Non-Destructive X-ray Spectrometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Metal Containers and Their Contents, from Ancient Macedonia |
| title_fullStr | Non-Destructive X-ray Spectrometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Metal Containers and Their Contents, from Ancient Macedonia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Non-Destructive X-ray Spectrometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Metal Containers and Their Contents, from Ancient Macedonia |
| title_short | Non-Destructive X-ray Spectrometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Metal Containers and Their Contents, from Ancient Macedonia |
| title_sort | non destructive x ray spectrometric and chromatographic analysis of metal containers and their contents from ancient macedonia |
| topic | Derveni Ancient Macedonia micro-XRF XRD HPLC-DAD HS-SPME/GC-MS ancient medicines ancient pharmaceuticals shellfish purple porphyra high-tin bronzes bronzes |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/5/2/32 |
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