Self-Declared and Measured Prevalence of Glucocorticoid Use in Polish Athletes
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are included in the list of prohibited substances and methods in sport published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In its 2022 update, the WADA list prohibits all injectable routes of administration of GCs for use during in-competition periods. Previously, GCs we...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| author | Andrzej Pokrywka Daria Berezovska Sylwia Lewandowska-Pachecka Jarosław Krzywański Michał Rynkowski Mariola Wicka Dorota Kwiatkowska Raphael Faiss |
| author_facet | Andrzej Pokrywka Daria Berezovska Sylwia Lewandowska-Pachecka Jarosław Krzywański Michał Rynkowski Mariola Wicka Dorota Kwiatkowska Raphael Faiss |
| author_sort | Andrzej Pokrywka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Glucocorticoids (GCs) are included in the list of prohibited substances and methods in sport published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In its 2022 update, the WADA list prohibits all injectable routes of administration of GCs for use during in-competition periods. Previously, GCs were prohibited in-competition when administered by oral, intravenous, intramuscular, or rectal routes, but local injections (in addition to topical applications) were allowed. This study first investigated the prevalence of GC use by athletes in Poland, declared in 2130 doping control forms, and the related 2130 urine samples analysed at the Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory. Second, the validity of the analytical methodology to detect GCs was evaluated with the updated WADA requirement for substance-specific minimum reporting levels and considering the proposed washout periods. Despite the new regulation in place, the use of 30 different GC preparations were declared in a total of 162 occurrences (8% of the tests) with therapeutic purposes. Laboratory analyses resulted in the presence of GCs in 16 occurrences with only two samples with a concentration triggering an adverse analytical finding. Our study allowed us to confirm that the applied methodology for the determination of GCs in urine samples (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) remains fully valid after the latter regulation change while the challenge to assess the timing and administration route for GCs persists. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:55:29Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-8739 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:55:29Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Separations |
| spelling | doaj.art-9621c0cef3564129a32fc7ddeecc09b52023-11-17T13:50:29ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392023-03-0110320410.3390/separations10030204Self-Declared and Measured Prevalence of Glucocorticoid Use in Polish AthletesAndrzej Pokrywka0Daria Berezovska1Sylwia Lewandowska-Pachecka2Jarosław Krzywański3Michał Rynkowski4Mariola Wicka5Dorota Kwiatkowska6Raphael Faiss7Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, PolandNational Centre for Sports Medicine, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, PolandPolish Anti-Doping Agency, Fabryczna 5a, 00-446 Warsaw, PolandPolish Anti-Doping Laboratory, Księcia Ziemowita 53 bud.4, 03-885 Warsaw, PolandPolish Anti-Doping Laboratory, Księcia Ziemowita 53 bud.4, 03-885 Warsaw, PolandREDs, Research & Expertise in AntiDoping Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, SwitzerlandGlucocorticoids (GCs) are included in the list of prohibited substances and methods in sport published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In its 2022 update, the WADA list prohibits all injectable routes of administration of GCs for use during in-competition periods. Previously, GCs were prohibited in-competition when administered by oral, intravenous, intramuscular, or rectal routes, but local injections (in addition to topical applications) were allowed. This study first investigated the prevalence of GC use by athletes in Poland, declared in 2130 doping control forms, and the related 2130 urine samples analysed at the Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory. Second, the validity of the analytical methodology to detect GCs was evaluated with the updated WADA requirement for substance-specific minimum reporting levels and considering the proposed washout periods. Despite the new regulation in place, the use of 30 different GC preparations were declared in a total of 162 occurrences (8% of the tests) with therapeutic purposes. Laboratory analyses resulted in the presence of GCs in 16 occurrences with only two samples with a concentration triggering an adverse analytical finding. Our study allowed us to confirm that the applied methodology for the determination of GCs in urine samples (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) remains fully valid after the latter regulation change while the challenge to assess the timing and administration route for GCs persists.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/10/3/204glucocorticoidsdoping controlprevalenceurine samplesLC-MS/MS |
| spellingShingle | Andrzej Pokrywka Daria Berezovska Sylwia Lewandowska-Pachecka Jarosław Krzywański Michał Rynkowski Mariola Wicka Dorota Kwiatkowska Raphael Faiss Self-Declared and Measured Prevalence of Glucocorticoid Use in Polish Athletes Separations glucocorticoids doping control prevalence urine samples LC-MS/MS |
| title | Self-Declared and Measured Prevalence of Glucocorticoid Use in Polish Athletes |
| title_full | Self-Declared and Measured Prevalence of Glucocorticoid Use in Polish Athletes |
| title_fullStr | Self-Declared and Measured Prevalence of Glucocorticoid Use in Polish Athletes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Self-Declared and Measured Prevalence of Glucocorticoid Use in Polish Athletes |
| title_short | Self-Declared and Measured Prevalence of Glucocorticoid Use in Polish Athletes |
| title_sort | self declared and measured prevalence of glucocorticoid use in polish athletes |
| topic | glucocorticoids doping control prevalence urine samples LC-MS/MS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/10/3/204 |
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