Quantification of All-Trans Retinoic Acid by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Association with Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Retinoic acids are vitamin A metabolites that have numerous essential functions in humans, and are also used as drugs to treat acne and acute promyelocytic leukemia. All-trans retinoic acid (<i>at</i>RA) is the major occurring metabolite of retinoic acid in humans. This study provides a...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/1/60 |
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| author | Jakob Morgenstern Thomas Fleming Elisabeth Kliemank Maik Brune Peter Nawroth Andreas Fischer |
| author_facet | Jakob Morgenstern Thomas Fleming Elisabeth Kliemank Maik Brune Peter Nawroth Andreas Fischer |
| author_sort | Jakob Morgenstern |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Retinoic acids are vitamin A metabolites that have numerous essential functions in humans, and are also used as drugs to treat acne and acute promyelocytic leukemia. All-trans retinoic acid (<i>at</i>RA) is the major occurring metabolite of retinoic acid in humans. This study provides a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry approach in order to quantify <i>at</i>RA in human plasma samples. The isolation of <i>at</i>RA by hyperacidified liquid–liquid extraction using hexane and ethyl acetate resulted in a recovery of 89.7 ± 9.2%. The lower limit of detection was 20 pg·mL<sup>−1</sup>, and 7 point calibration displayed good linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.994) in the range of 50–3200 pg mL<sup>−1</sup>. Selectivity was guaranteed by the use of two individual mass transitions (qualifier and quantifier), and precision and accuracy were determined intraday and interday with a coefficient variation of 9.3% (intraday) and 14.0% (interday). Moreover, the method could be used to isolate <i>at</i>RA from hyperlipidemic samples. Applying this method to plasma samples from patients with poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes significantly decreased <i>at</i>RA plasma levels as compared to those of the healthy controls. In addition, <i>at</i>RA concentrations were highly associated with increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:17:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-965415ec9526423593bc28e3338cb46b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:17:11Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-965415ec9526423593bc28e3338cb46b2023-12-03T13:52:16ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892021-01-011116010.3390/metabo11010060Quantification of All-Trans Retinoic Acid by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Association with Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 DiabetesJakob Morgenstern0Thomas Fleming1Elisabeth Kliemank2Maik Brune3Peter Nawroth4Andreas Fischer5Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyRetinoic acids are vitamin A metabolites that have numerous essential functions in humans, and are also used as drugs to treat acne and acute promyelocytic leukemia. All-trans retinoic acid (<i>at</i>RA) is the major occurring metabolite of retinoic acid in humans. This study provides a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry approach in order to quantify <i>at</i>RA in human plasma samples. The isolation of <i>at</i>RA by hyperacidified liquid–liquid extraction using hexane and ethyl acetate resulted in a recovery of 89.7 ± 9.2%. The lower limit of detection was 20 pg·mL<sup>−1</sup>, and 7 point calibration displayed good linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.994) in the range of 50–3200 pg mL<sup>−1</sup>. Selectivity was guaranteed by the use of two individual mass transitions (qualifier and quantifier), and precision and accuracy were determined intraday and interday with a coefficient variation of 9.3% (intraday) and 14.0% (interday). Moreover, the method could be used to isolate <i>at</i>RA from hyperlipidemic samples. Applying this method to plasma samples from patients with poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes significantly decreased <i>at</i>RA plasma levels as compared to those of the healthy controls. In addition, <i>at</i>RA concentrations were highly associated with increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/1/60retinoic acidliquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometryhyperlipidemialiquid–liquid extraction |
| spellingShingle | Jakob Morgenstern Thomas Fleming Elisabeth Kliemank Maik Brune Peter Nawroth Andreas Fischer Quantification of All-Trans Retinoic Acid by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Association with Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Metabolites retinoic acid liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry hyperlipidemia liquid–liquid extraction |
| title | Quantification of All-Trans Retinoic Acid by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Association with Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_full | Quantification of All-Trans Retinoic Acid by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Association with Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_fullStr | Quantification of All-Trans Retinoic Acid by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Association with Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantification of All-Trans Retinoic Acid by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Association with Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_short | Quantification of All-Trans Retinoic Acid by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Association with Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_sort | quantification of all trans retinoic acid by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and association with lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes |
| topic | retinoic acid liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry hyperlipidemia liquid–liquid extraction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/1/60 |
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