Dual Effect of Tryptamine on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Regulation: A Pilot Study
Abnormal tryptophan metabolism is linked to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and tryptophan metabolites have been reported as potential prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers. However, little is known about the bioactivities of tryptophan metabolites on PCa cell growth. In this study, MTT and transw...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11087 |
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| author | Zhuangzhuang Li Baoyan Ding Mustafa R. K. Ali Lizhen Zhao Xiaoling Zang Zhihua Lv |
| author_facet | Zhuangzhuang Li Baoyan Ding Mustafa R. K. Ali Lizhen Zhao Xiaoling Zang Zhihua Lv |
| author_sort | Zhuangzhuang Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abnormal tryptophan metabolism is linked to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and tryptophan metabolites have been reported as potential prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers. However, little is known about the bioactivities of tryptophan metabolites on PCa cell growth. In this study, MTT and transwell assays were used to study the cytotoxicities of 13 major tryptophan metabolites on PCa and normal prostate epithelial cell lines. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC–HRMS) was used to analyze metabolic changes in cells treated with tryptamine. Flow cytometry, confocal imaging, and Western blot were used to test the apoptosis induced by tryptamine. It was shown that tryptamine had obvious inhibitory effects on PCa cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP, stronger than those on the normal prostate cell line RWPE-1. Tryptamine was further shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit PC-3 cell migration. Metabolic changes including amino acid metabolism related to cell proliferation and metastasis were found in PC-3 cells treated with tryptamine. Furthermore, a PC-3 xenograft mouse model was used to study the effect of tryptamine in vivo. The intratumoral injection of tryptamine was demonstrated to significantly reduce the tumor growth and tumor sizes in vivo; however, intraperitoneal treatment resulted in increased tumor growth. Such dual effects in vivo advanced our understanding of the bioactivity of tryptamine in regulating prostate tumor development, in addition to its major role as a neuromodulator. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:43:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-966a696405c545f292905f497be622f5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:43:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-966a696405c545f292905f497be622f52023-11-23T20:26:57ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-09-0123191108710.3390/ijms231911087Dual Effect of Tryptamine on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Regulation: A Pilot StudyZhuangzhuang Li0Baoyan Ding1Mustafa R. K. Ali2Lizhen Zhao3Xiaoling Zang4Zhihua Lv5School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, ChinaSchool of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, ChinaDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USACollege of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, ChinaSchool of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, ChinaSchool of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, ChinaAbnormal tryptophan metabolism is linked to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and tryptophan metabolites have been reported as potential prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers. However, little is known about the bioactivities of tryptophan metabolites on PCa cell growth. In this study, MTT and transwell assays were used to study the cytotoxicities of 13 major tryptophan metabolites on PCa and normal prostate epithelial cell lines. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC–HRMS) was used to analyze metabolic changes in cells treated with tryptamine. Flow cytometry, confocal imaging, and Western blot were used to test the apoptosis induced by tryptamine. It was shown that tryptamine had obvious inhibitory effects on PCa cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP, stronger than those on the normal prostate cell line RWPE-1. Tryptamine was further shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit PC-3 cell migration. Metabolic changes including amino acid metabolism related to cell proliferation and metastasis were found in PC-3 cells treated with tryptamine. Furthermore, a PC-3 xenograft mouse model was used to study the effect of tryptamine in vivo. The intratumoral injection of tryptamine was demonstrated to significantly reduce the tumor growth and tumor sizes in vivo; however, intraperitoneal treatment resulted in increased tumor growth. Such dual effects in vivo advanced our understanding of the bioactivity of tryptamine in regulating prostate tumor development, in addition to its major role as a neuromodulator.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11087tryptamineprostate cancer (PCa)cell proliferationapoptosiscell migrationxenograft model antitumor assays |
| spellingShingle | Zhuangzhuang Li Baoyan Ding Mustafa R. K. Ali Lizhen Zhao Xiaoling Zang Zhihua Lv Dual Effect of Tryptamine on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Regulation: A Pilot Study International Journal of Molecular Sciences tryptamine prostate cancer (PCa) cell proliferation apoptosis cell migration xenograft model antitumor assays |
| title | Dual Effect of Tryptamine on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Regulation: A Pilot Study |
| title_full | Dual Effect of Tryptamine on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Regulation: A Pilot Study |
| title_fullStr | Dual Effect of Tryptamine on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Regulation: A Pilot Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dual Effect of Tryptamine on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Regulation: A Pilot Study |
| title_short | Dual Effect of Tryptamine on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Regulation: A Pilot Study |
| title_sort | dual effect of tryptamine on prostate cancer cell growth regulation a pilot study |
| topic | tryptamine prostate cancer (PCa) cell proliferation apoptosis cell migration xenograft model antitumor assays |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11087 |
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