Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of the Vegetation Cover from the Bijagual Massif, Boyacá, Colombia, during the 1986–2021 Period
Landscape changes based on spectral responses allow showing plant cover changes through diversity, composition, and ecological connectivity. The spatial and temporal vegetation dynamics of the Bijagual Massif from 1986 to 2021 were analyzed as a measure of ecological integrity, conservation, and ter...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/7/948 |
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| author | Pablo Andrés Gil-Leguizamón Jaime Francisco Pereña-Ortiz Daniel Sánchez-Mata Ángel Enrique Salvo-Tierra Jorge David Mercado-Gómez María Eugenia Morales-Puentes |
| author_facet | Pablo Andrés Gil-Leguizamón Jaime Francisco Pereña-Ortiz Daniel Sánchez-Mata Ángel Enrique Salvo-Tierra Jorge David Mercado-Gómez María Eugenia Morales-Puentes |
| author_sort | Pablo Andrés Gil-Leguizamón |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Landscape changes based on spectral responses allow showing plant cover changes through diversity, composition, and ecological connectivity. The spatial and temporal vegetation dynamics of the Bijagual Massif from 1986 to 2021 were analyzed as a measure of ecological integrity, conservation, and territory. The covers identified were high open forest (Hof), dense grassland of non-wooded mainland (Dgnm), a mosaic of pastures and crops (Mpc), lagoons (Lag), and bare and degraded lands (Bdl). The Bijagual Massif has 8574.1 ha. In 1986, Dgnm occupied 42.6% of the total area, followed by Mpc (32.8%) and Hof (24.5%); by 2000, Mpc and Hof increased (43.7 and 28.1%, respectively), while Dgnm decreased (28%); by 2021, Dgnm was restricted to the northeastern zone and continued to decrease (25.2%), Mpc occupied 52.9%, Hof 21.7% and Bdl 0.1%. Of the three fractions of the connectivity probability index, only <i>dPCintra</i> and <i>dPCflux</i> contribute to ecological connectivity. Hof and Dgnm show patches with biota habitat quality and availability. Between 1986 and 2021, Dgnm lost 1489 ha (41%) and Hof 239.5 ha (11%). Mpc replaced various covers (1722.2 ha; 38%) in 2021. Bijagual has a valuable biodiversity potential limited by Mpc. Territorial planning and sustainable agroecological and ecotourism proposals are required due to the context of the ecosystems. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:36:59Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:36:59Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-9682c114b05a49e48ff0c34798f031402024-04-12T13:24:42ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-03-0113794810.3390/plants13070948Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of the Vegetation Cover from the Bijagual Massif, Boyacá, Colombia, during the 1986–2021 PeriodPablo Andrés Gil-Leguizamón0Jaime Francisco Pereña-Ortiz1Daniel Sánchez-Mata2Ángel Enrique Salvo-Tierra3Jorge David Mercado-Gómez4María Eugenia Morales-Puentes5Doctoral Program in Biological and Environmental Sciences, SisBio, Herbario UPTC, ViE-DIN, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Campus Universitario, Tunja 150003, ColombiaDepartment of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, SpainBotany Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, SpainGrupo Evolución y Sistemática Tropical, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo 700001, ColombiaDoctoral Program in Biological and Environmental Sciences, SisBio, Herbario UPTC, ViE-DIN, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Campus Universitario, Tunja 150003, ColombiaLandscape changes based on spectral responses allow showing plant cover changes through diversity, composition, and ecological connectivity. The spatial and temporal vegetation dynamics of the Bijagual Massif from 1986 to 2021 were analyzed as a measure of ecological integrity, conservation, and territory. The covers identified were high open forest (Hof), dense grassland of non-wooded mainland (Dgnm), a mosaic of pastures and crops (Mpc), lagoons (Lag), and bare and degraded lands (Bdl). The Bijagual Massif has 8574.1 ha. In 1986, Dgnm occupied 42.6% of the total area, followed by Mpc (32.8%) and Hof (24.5%); by 2000, Mpc and Hof increased (43.7 and 28.1%, respectively), while Dgnm decreased (28%); by 2021, Dgnm was restricted to the northeastern zone and continued to decrease (25.2%), Mpc occupied 52.9%, Hof 21.7% and Bdl 0.1%. Of the three fractions of the connectivity probability index, only <i>dPCintra</i> and <i>dPCflux</i> contribute to ecological connectivity. Hof and Dgnm show patches with biota habitat quality and availability. Between 1986 and 2021, Dgnm lost 1489 ha (41%) and Hof 239.5 ha (11%). Mpc replaced various covers (1722.2 ha; 38%) in 2021. Bijagual has a valuable biodiversity potential limited by Mpc. Territorial planning and sustainable agroecological and ecotourism proposals are required due to the context of the ecosystems.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/7/948high Andean forestLandsatlandscape metricsland use changemultitemporalityparamo |
| spellingShingle | Pablo Andrés Gil-Leguizamón Jaime Francisco Pereña-Ortiz Daniel Sánchez-Mata Ángel Enrique Salvo-Tierra Jorge David Mercado-Gómez María Eugenia Morales-Puentes Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of the Vegetation Cover from the Bijagual Massif, Boyacá, Colombia, during the 1986–2021 Period Plants high Andean forest Landsat landscape metrics land use change multitemporality paramo |
| title | Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of the Vegetation Cover from the Bijagual Massif, Boyacá, Colombia, during the 1986–2021 Period |
| title_full | Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of the Vegetation Cover from the Bijagual Massif, Boyacá, Colombia, during the 1986–2021 Period |
| title_fullStr | Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of the Vegetation Cover from the Bijagual Massif, Boyacá, Colombia, during the 1986–2021 Period |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of the Vegetation Cover from the Bijagual Massif, Boyacá, Colombia, during the 1986–2021 Period |
| title_short | Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of the Vegetation Cover from the Bijagual Massif, Boyacá, Colombia, during the 1986–2021 Period |
| title_sort | spatial and temporal dynamics of the vegetation cover from the bijagual massif boyaca colombia during the 1986 2021 period |
| topic | high Andean forest Landsat landscape metrics land use change multitemporality paramo |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/7/948 |
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