Detection of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles by NOD-Like Receptors
Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are nanoparticles produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that can function to modulate immunity in the host. Both outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and membrane vesicles (MVs), which are released by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respecti...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/3/1005 |
| _version_ | 1797409408000458752 |
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| author | Ella L. Johnston Begoña Heras Thomas A. Kufer Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos |
| author_facet | Ella L. Johnston Begoña Heras Thomas A. Kufer Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos |
| author_sort | Ella L. Johnston |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are nanoparticles produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that can function to modulate immunity in the host. Both outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and membrane vesicles (MVs), which are released by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, contain cargo derived from their parent bacterium, including immune stimulating molecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Of these, peptidoglycan (PG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are able to activate host innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), known as NOD-like receptors (NLRs), such as nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing protein (NOD) 1, NOD2 and NLRP3. NLR activation is a key driver of inflammation in the host, and BMVs derived from both pathogenic and commensal bacteria have been shown to package PG and LPS in order to modulate the host immune response using NLR-dependent mechanisms. Here, we discuss the packaging of immunostimulatory cargo within OMVs and MVs, their detection by NLRs and the cytokines produced by host cells in response to their detection. Additionally, commensal derived BMVs are thought to shape immunity and contribute to homeostasis in the gut, therefore we also highlight the interactions of commensal derived BMVs with NLRs and their roles in limiting inflammatory diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:14:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-968a47cd6df9474d8f6154a70230248b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:14:12Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-968a47cd6df9474d8f6154a70230248b2023-12-03T13:56:28ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-01-01223100510.3390/ijms22031005Detection of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles by NOD-Like ReceptorsElla L. Johnston0Begoña Heras1Thomas A. Kufer2Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos3Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, AustraliaDepartment of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, AustraliaDepartment of Immunology, Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, GermanyDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, AustraliaBacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are nanoparticles produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that can function to modulate immunity in the host. Both outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and membrane vesicles (MVs), which are released by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, contain cargo derived from their parent bacterium, including immune stimulating molecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Of these, peptidoglycan (PG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are able to activate host innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), known as NOD-like receptors (NLRs), such as nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing protein (NOD) 1, NOD2 and NLRP3. NLR activation is a key driver of inflammation in the host, and BMVs derived from both pathogenic and commensal bacteria have been shown to package PG and LPS in order to modulate the host immune response using NLR-dependent mechanisms. Here, we discuss the packaging of immunostimulatory cargo within OMVs and MVs, their detection by NLRs and the cytokines produced by host cells in response to their detection. Additionally, commensal derived BMVs are thought to shape immunity and contribute to homeostasis in the gut, therefore we also highlight the interactions of commensal derived BMVs with NLRs and their roles in limiting inflammatory diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/3/1005bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs)outer membrane vesicles (OMVs)membrane vesicles (MVs)NOD-like receptors (NLRs)NODsNOD1 |
| spellingShingle | Ella L. Johnston Begoña Heras Thomas A. Kufer Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos Detection of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles by NOD-Like Receptors International Journal of Molecular Sciences bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) membrane vesicles (MVs) NOD-like receptors (NLRs) NODs NOD1 |
| title | Detection of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles by NOD-Like Receptors |
| title_full | Detection of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles by NOD-Like Receptors |
| title_fullStr | Detection of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles by NOD-Like Receptors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles by NOD-Like Receptors |
| title_short | Detection of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles by NOD-Like Receptors |
| title_sort | detection of bacterial membrane vesicles by nod like receptors |
| topic | bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) membrane vesicles (MVs) NOD-like receptors (NLRs) NODs NOD1 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/3/1005 |
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