Effects of an Eco-Friendly Sanitizing Wash on Spinach Leaf Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity
Ready-to-eat (RTE) spinach is considered a high-risk food, susceptible to colonization by foodborne pathogens; however, other microbial populations present on the vegetable surface may interact with foodborne pathogens by inhibiting/inactivating their growth. In addition, sanitizers applied to minim...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/8/2986 |
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| author | Sangay Tenzin Abiodun D. Ogunniyi Sergio Ferro Permal Deo Darren J. Trott |
| author_facet | Sangay Tenzin Abiodun D. Ogunniyi Sergio Ferro Permal Deo Darren J. Trott |
| author_sort | Sangay Tenzin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ready-to-eat (RTE) spinach is considered a high-risk food, susceptible to colonization by foodborne pathogens; however, other microbial populations present on the vegetable surface may interact with foodborne pathogens by inhibiting/inactivating their growth. In addition, sanitizers applied to minimally processed salad leaves should not disrupt this autochthonous barrier and should be maintained throughout the shelf life of the product. This investigation aimed at comparing the effects of a pH neutral electrochemically activated solution (ECAS), a peroxyacetic acid (PAA)-based commercial sanitizer (Ecolab Tsunami<sup>®</sup> 100), and tap water wash on the minimally processed spinach leaf microbiome profile for 10 days after washing. The bacterial microbiota composition on spinach samples was assessed by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and downstream analyses. Predominant phyla observed in decreasing order of abundance were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes corresponding with the dominant families <i>Micrococcaceae</i>, <i>Clostridiales Family XII</i>, <i>Flavobacteriaceae</i>, <i>Pseudomonadaceae</i>, and <i>Burkholderiaceae</i>. Bacterial species richness and evenness (alpha diversity) and bacterial community composition among all wash types were not significantly different. However, a significant difference was apparent between sampling days, corresponding to a loss of overall heterogeneity over time. Analysis of composition of microbiome (ANCOM) did not identify any amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) or families having significantly different abundance in wash types; however, differences (17 ASVs and five families) were found depending on sampling day. This was the first bacterial microbiome composition study focused on ECAS and PAA-based wash solutions. These wash alternatives do not significantly alter microbial community composition of RTE spinach leaves; however, storage at refrigerated temperature reduces bacterial species heterogeneity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:15:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-96c2af61dbf145d4af209a151a11aa94 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:15:38Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-96c2af61dbf145d4af209a151a11aa942023-11-19T22:38:27ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172020-04-01108298610.3390/app10082986Effects of an Eco-Friendly Sanitizing Wash on Spinach Leaf Bacterial Community Structure and DiversitySangay Tenzin0Abiodun D. Ogunniyi1Sergio Ferro2Permal Deo3Darren J. Trott4Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy 5371, AustraliaAustralian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy 5371, AustraliaEcas4 Australia Pty. Ltd., Unit 8/1 London Road, Mile End South SA 5031, AustraliaHealth and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, AustraliaAustralian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy 5371, AustraliaReady-to-eat (RTE) spinach is considered a high-risk food, susceptible to colonization by foodborne pathogens; however, other microbial populations present on the vegetable surface may interact with foodborne pathogens by inhibiting/inactivating their growth. In addition, sanitizers applied to minimally processed salad leaves should not disrupt this autochthonous barrier and should be maintained throughout the shelf life of the product. This investigation aimed at comparing the effects of a pH neutral electrochemically activated solution (ECAS), a peroxyacetic acid (PAA)-based commercial sanitizer (Ecolab Tsunami<sup>®</sup> 100), and tap water wash on the minimally processed spinach leaf microbiome profile for 10 days after washing. The bacterial microbiota composition on spinach samples was assessed by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and downstream analyses. Predominant phyla observed in decreasing order of abundance were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes corresponding with the dominant families <i>Micrococcaceae</i>, <i>Clostridiales Family XII</i>, <i>Flavobacteriaceae</i>, <i>Pseudomonadaceae</i>, and <i>Burkholderiaceae</i>. Bacterial species richness and evenness (alpha diversity) and bacterial community composition among all wash types were not significantly different. However, a significant difference was apparent between sampling days, corresponding to a loss of overall heterogeneity over time. Analysis of composition of microbiome (ANCOM) did not identify any amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) or families having significantly different abundance in wash types; however, differences (17 ASVs and five families) were found depending on sampling day. This was the first bacterial microbiome composition study focused on ECAS and PAA-based wash solutions. These wash alternatives do not significantly alter microbial community composition of RTE spinach leaves; however, storage at refrigerated temperature reduces bacterial species heterogeneity.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/8/2986<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> microbiotaelectrochemically activated solutionperoxyacetic acidsanitization16s rRNA pyrosequencingamplicon sequence variants |
| spellingShingle | Sangay Tenzin Abiodun D. Ogunniyi Sergio Ferro Permal Deo Darren J. Trott Effects of an Eco-Friendly Sanitizing Wash on Spinach Leaf Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity Applied Sciences <i>Spinacia oleracea</i> microbiota electrochemically activated solution peroxyacetic acid sanitization 16s rRNA pyrosequencing amplicon sequence variants |
| title | Effects of an Eco-Friendly Sanitizing Wash on Spinach Leaf Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity |
| title_full | Effects of an Eco-Friendly Sanitizing Wash on Spinach Leaf Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity |
| title_fullStr | Effects of an Eco-Friendly Sanitizing Wash on Spinach Leaf Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of an Eco-Friendly Sanitizing Wash on Spinach Leaf Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity |
| title_short | Effects of an Eco-Friendly Sanitizing Wash on Spinach Leaf Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity |
| title_sort | effects of an eco friendly sanitizing wash on spinach leaf bacterial community structure and diversity |
| topic | <i>Spinacia oleracea</i> microbiota electrochemically activated solution peroxyacetic acid sanitization 16s rRNA pyrosequencing amplicon sequence variants |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/8/2986 |
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