Development of a Solar-Powered IoT-Based Instrument for Automatic Measurement of Water Clarity
Water clarity is the most common indicator of water quality. The purpose of the study was to develop an instrument which can automatically measure water clarity in place of manual measurement by Secchi disk. The instrument is suspended by buoys at the water surface and uses solar energy to measure t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2051 |
| _version_ | 1797571342264958976 |
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| author | Tuan Ngoc Pham Anh Pham Huy Ho Tuong Van Nguyen Ha Minh Nguyen Nhu Huynh Truong Nguyen Duc Huynh Tung Huy Nguyen Le The Dung |
| author_facet | Tuan Ngoc Pham Anh Pham Huy Ho Tuong Van Nguyen Ha Minh Nguyen Nhu Huynh Truong Nguyen Duc Huynh Tung Huy Nguyen Le The Dung |
| author_sort | Tuan Ngoc Pham |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Water clarity is the most common indicator of water quality. The purpose of the study was to develop an instrument which can automatically measure water clarity in place of manual measurement by Secchi disk. The instrument is suspended by buoys at the water surface and uses solar energy to measure the light intensity of LED bulbs after passing through a water column; the result is then converted to Secchi depth by using a regression function. Measurement data are stored in a cloud server so that mobile users can access via an Internet connection. Three experiments were conducted to examine the instrument performance: (i) to ensure light intensity of the LED bulbs is strong enough to pass through the water column; (ii) to determine the regression relationship between the measured light intensity of the instrument and Secchi depth; and (iii) to evaluate the coefficient of variation (CV) of the measured water clarity when using our instrument and a conventional Secchi disk. Experiment results show that the measured values of light intensity are stable with the average CV = 5.25%. Moreover, although there are slight differences between the Secchi depth measured by our instrument and those measured by Secchi disk, the measurements by our instrument can efficiently replace the measurements by conventional Secchi disk, which can be affected by weather conditions as well as by human subjectivity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:39:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-96cfc6bf90c543ada820a0411950ef21 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:39:02Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-96cfc6bf90c543ada820a0411950ef212023-11-19T20:48:38ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202020-04-01207205110.3390/s20072051Development of a Solar-Powered IoT-Based Instrument for Automatic Measurement of Water ClarityTuan Ngoc Pham0Anh Pham Huy Ho1Tuong Van Nguyen2Ha Minh Nguyen3Nhu Huynh Truong4Nguyen Duc Huynh5Tung Huy Nguyen6Le The Dung7National Key Laboratory of Digital Control and System Engineering, Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, VietnamFaculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, VietnamFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Nha Trang University, Khanh Hoa Province 650000, VietnamSaigon Center for Development of Industrial Technology and Machinery, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, VietnamFaculty of Electrical Engineering, Ba Ria-Vung Tau College of Technology, Ba Ria - Vung Tau Province 78000, VietnamFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, VietnamFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, VietnamDivision of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, VietnamWater clarity is the most common indicator of water quality. The purpose of the study was to develop an instrument which can automatically measure water clarity in place of manual measurement by Secchi disk. The instrument is suspended by buoys at the water surface and uses solar energy to measure the light intensity of LED bulbs after passing through a water column; the result is then converted to Secchi depth by using a regression function. Measurement data are stored in a cloud server so that mobile users can access via an Internet connection. Three experiments were conducted to examine the instrument performance: (i) to ensure light intensity of the LED bulbs is strong enough to pass through the water column; (ii) to determine the regression relationship between the measured light intensity of the instrument and Secchi depth; and (iii) to evaluate the coefficient of variation (CV) of the measured water clarity when using our instrument and a conventional Secchi disk. Experiment results show that the measured values of light intensity are stable with the average CV = 5.25%. Moreover, although there are slight differences between the Secchi depth measured by our instrument and those measured by Secchi disk, the measurements by our instrument can efficiently replace the measurements by conventional Secchi disk, which can be affected by weather conditions as well as by human subjectivity.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2051water clarityautomatic measurementlightLEDInternet of ThingsSecchi disk |
| spellingShingle | Tuan Ngoc Pham Anh Pham Huy Ho Tuong Van Nguyen Ha Minh Nguyen Nhu Huynh Truong Nguyen Duc Huynh Tung Huy Nguyen Le The Dung Development of a Solar-Powered IoT-Based Instrument for Automatic Measurement of Water Clarity Sensors water clarity automatic measurement light LED Internet of Things Secchi disk |
| title | Development of a Solar-Powered IoT-Based Instrument for Automatic Measurement of Water Clarity |
| title_full | Development of a Solar-Powered IoT-Based Instrument for Automatic Measurement of Water Clarity |
| title_fullStr | Development of a Solar-Powered IoT-Based Instrument for Automatic Measurement of Water Clarity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of a Solar-Powered IoT-Based Instrument for Automatic Measurement of Water Clarity |
| title_short | Development of a Solar-Powered IoT-Based Instrument for Automatic Measurement of Water Clarity |
| title_sort | development of a solar powered iot based instrument for automatic measurement of water clarity |
| topic | water clarity automatic measurement light LED Internet of Things Secchi disk |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2051 |
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