Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines
In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were a...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/761 |
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| author | Tamara Rodríguez-Cabo Ángeles Moroño Fabiola Arévalo Jorge Correa Juan Pablo Lamas Araceli E. Rossignoli Juan Blanco |
| author_facet | Tamara Rodríguez-Cabo Ángeles Moroño Fabiola Arévalo Jorge Correa Juan Pablo Lamas Araceli E. Rossignoli Juan Blanco |
| author_sort | Tamara Rodríguez-Cabo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were analyzed using an optimized version of the Official Method AOAC 2005.06 and using LC–MS/MS (HILIC). The presence of some PSP toxins (PSTs) in that geographical area (~600 km of coast) was confirmed for the first time. The estimated toxicities ranged from 170 to 983 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg<sup>−1</sup> for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg<sup>−1</sup> for the LC–MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus <i>Alexandrium</i> was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that <i>A. ostenfeldii</i> could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of <i>Alexandrium</i> species cannot be ruled out. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:01:20Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-96e2f6038d1b46d2a273f995446c66852023-11-23T01:48:39ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-10-01131176110.3390/toxins13110761Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic IminesTamara Rodríguez-Cabo0Ángeles Moroño1Fabiola Arévalo2Jorge Correa3Juan Pablo Lamas4Araceli E. Rossignoli5Juan Blanco6Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño (Intecmar), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, SpainInstituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño (Intecmar), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, SpainInstituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño (Intecmar), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, SpainInstituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño (Intecmar), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, SpainInstituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño (Intecmar), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, SpainCentro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, SpainCentro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, SpainIn the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were analyzed using an optimized version of the Official Method AOAC 2005.06 and using LC–MS/MS (HILIC). The presence of some PSP toxins (PSTs) in that geographical area (~600 km of coast) was confirmed for the first time. The estimated toxicities ranged from 170 to 983 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg<sup>−1</sup> for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg<sup>−1</sup> for the LC–MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus <i>Alexandrium</i> was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that <i>A. ostenfeldii</i> could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of <i>Alexandrium</i> species cannot be ruled out.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/761shellfishgymnodimine A13-desmethyl spirolide CCantabriaBasque Country<i>Alexandrium</i> |
| spellingShingle | Tamara Rodríguez-Cabo Ángeles Moroño Fabiola Arévalo Jorge Correa Juan Pablo Lamas Araceli E. Rossignoli Juan Blanco Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines Toxins shellfish gymnodimine A 13-desmethyl spirolide C Cantabria Basque Country <i>Alexandrium</i> |
| title | Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines |
| title_full | Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines |
| title_fullStr | Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines |
| title_short | Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines |
| title_sort | paralytic shellfish poisoning psp in mussels from the eastern cantabrian sea toxicity toxin profile and co occurrence with cyclic imines |
| topic | shellfish gymnodimine A 13-desmethyl spirolide C Cantabria Basque Country <i>Alexandrium</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/761 |
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