Evaluation of Fungicides as Protective and Curative Treatments against Canker Disease of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> Caused by <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> in Malaysia
Over the years, <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations have rapidly expanded in Sarawak, Malaysia, accounting for 19% of the total forest plantation area. In a routine forest health surveillance conducted in 2022 at Sarawak, Malaysia, tree stands of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> (<i...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| author | Annya Ambrose Attlee Banyang Peter Remun Nura Adilla Shamsul Kamar Ahmad Mustapha Mohamad Pazi Wan Muhammad Azrul Wan Azhar Norida Hanim Awing Jack Liam Razak Terhem |
| author_facet | Annya Ambrose Attlee Banyang Peter Remun Nura Adilla Shamsul Kamar Ahmad Mustapha Mohamad Pazi Wan Muhammad Azrul Wan Azhar Norida Hanim Awing Jack Liam Razak Terhem |
| author_sort | Annya Ambrose |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Over the years, <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations have rapidly expanded in Sarawak, Malaysia, accounting for 19% of the total forest plantation area. In a routine forest health surveillance conducted in 2022 at Sarawak, Malaysia, tree stands of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> (<i>Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla</i> hybrid) were detected with symptoms of stem canker disease caused by Chrysoporthe infection. Given the limited information on the chemical control of Chrysoporthe stem canker disease, there is a growing need to develop effective chemical control strategies to protect and cure Chrysoporthe infection on <i>E. urograndis</i> trees. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the causal pathogen of this stem canker disease in 7-year-old <i>E. urograndis</i> trees in Sarawak, Malaysia, and evaluate the efficacy of various fungicides as curative or protectant treatments on canker infection using artificial inoculation methods. Fungal isolates were first collected and subjected to molecular identification and pathogenicity analysis. Then, in vitro efficacy tests were evaluated using five licensed fungicides: thiram, prochloraz manganese chloride, copper hydroxide, dimethomorph, and mancozeb. Subsequently, the performance of these fungicides was assessed through preventive and curative field experiments on 10-year-old <i>E. urograndis</i> trees using the artificial inoculation technique. Based on the morphological and phylogenetic analysis of the <i>ITS1/ITS4</i>, <i>β-tubulin 2</i> (<i>BT2</i>), and the combined <i>ITS1/ITS4</i> and <i>BT2</i> sequences extracted from 20 fungal isolates, <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> was identified as the causal pathogen of the canker disease, with isolate CHRY18 recording the highest virulence. The in vitro efficacy tests showed that prochloraz manganese chloride achieved 100% inhibition against <i>C. deuterocubensis</i> at 1.0 mg/mL. In the preventive experiment, thiram significantly inhibited <i>C. deuterocubensis</i> infection, yielding the shortest lesion length (19.40 mm) compared to the non-treated control (47.48 mm) at 20 weeks post-inoculation. In the curative experiment, a significant reduction of 54.7% in lesion length was observed in inoculated symptomatic trees after 20 weeks of post-fungicide treatment with copper hydroxide. In conclusion, this study demonstrated prochloraz manganese chloride, thiram, and copper hydroxide as effective chemical controls of <i>C. deuterocubensis</i> stem canker on <i>E. urograndis</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:45:52Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:45:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-96eb86d06ac14651995206d0bf8cc3332023-12-22T14:09:27ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072023-11-011412233710.3390/f14122337Evaluation of Fungicides as Protective and Curative Treatments against Canker Disease of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> Caused by <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> in MalaysiaAnnya Ambrose0Attlee Banyang Peter Remun1Nura Adilla Shamsul Kamar2Ahmad Mustapha Mohamad Pazi3Wan Muhammad Azrul Wan Azhar4Norida Hanim Awing5Jack Liam6Razak Terhem7Forest Pathology Laboratory, Industrial Forest Research Centre, Restoration and Industrial Forest Division, Forest Department Sarawak, Kuching 93250, Sarawak, MalaysiaForest Pathology Laboratory, Industrial Forest Research Centre, Restoration and Industrial Forest Division, Forest Department Sarawak, Kuching 93250, Sarawak, MalaysiaLaboratory of Forest Pathology and Tree Health, Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Forestry Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, MalaysiaPest and Disease Management Programme, Horticulture Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaLaboratory of Forest Pathology and Tree Health, Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaNatural Resources and Environment Board Sarawak, Menara Pelita, Jalan Tun Abdul Rahman Yaakub, Petra Jaya, Kuching 93050, Sarawak, MalaysiaLaboratory of Forest Pathology and Tree Health, Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaOver the years, <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations have rapidly expanded in Sarawak, Malaysia, accounting for 19% of the total forest plantation area. In a routine forest health surveillance conducted in 2022 at Sarawak, Malaysia, tree stands of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> (<i>Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla</i> hybrid) were detected with symptoms of stem canker disease caused by Chrysoporthe infection. Given the limited information on the chemical control of Chrysoporthe stem canker disease, there is a growing need to develop effective chemical control strategies to protect and cure Chrysoporthe infection on <i>E. urograndis</i> trees. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the causal pathogen of this stem canker disease in 7-year-old <i>E. urograndis</i> trees in Sarawak, Malaysia, and evaluate the efficacy of various fungicides as curative or protectant treatments on canker infection using artificial inoculation methods. Fungal isolates were first collected and subjected to molecular identification and pathogenicity analysis. Then, in vitro efficacy tests were evaluated using five licensed fungicides: thiram, prochloraz manganese chloride, copper hydroxide, dimethomorph, and mancozeb. Subsequently, the performance of these fungicides was assessed through preventive and curative field experiments on 10-year-old <i>E. urograndis</i> trees using the artificial inoculation technique. Based on the morphological and phylogenetic analysis of the <i>ITS1/ITS4</i>, <i>β-tubulin 2</i> (<i>BT2</i>), and the combined <i>ITS1/ITS4</i> and <i>BT2</i> sequences extracted from 20 fungal isolates, <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> was identified as the causal pathogen of the canker disease, with isolate CHRY18 recording the highest virulence. The in vitro efficacy tests showed that prochloraz manganese chloride achieved 100% inhibition against <i>C. deuterocubensis</i> at 1.0 mg/mL. In the preventive experiment, thiram significantly inhibited <i>C. deuterocubensis</i> infection, yielding the shortest lesion length (19.40 mm) compared to the non-treated control (47.48 mm) at 20 weeks post-inoculation. In the curative experiment, a significant reduction of 54.7% in lesion length was observed in inoculated symptomatic trees after 20 weeks of post-fungicide treatment with copper hydroxide. In conclusion, this study demonstrated prochloraz manganese chloride, thiram, and copper hydroxide as effective chemical controls of <i>C. deuterocubensis</i> stem canker on <i>E. urograndis</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/12/2337<i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i><i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i>fungicidesin vitro efficacyprotective and curative |
| spellingShingle | Annya Ambrose Attlee Banyang Peter Remun Nura Adilla Shamsul Kamar Ahmad Mustapha Mohamad Pazi Wan Muhammad Azrul Wan Azhar Norida Hanim Awing Jack Liam Razak Terhem Evaluation of Fungicides as Protective and Curative Treatments against Canker Disease of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> Caused by <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> in Malaysia Forests <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> fungicides in vitro efficacy protective and curative |
| title | Evaluation of Fungicides as Protective and Curative Treatments against Canker Disease of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> Caused by <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> in Malaysia |
| title_full | Evaluation of Fungicides as Protective and Curative Treatments against Canker Disease of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> Caused by <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> in Malaysia |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Fungicides as Protective and Curative Treatments against Canker Disease of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> Caused by <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> in Malaysia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Fungicides as Protective and Curative Treatments against Canker Disease of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> Caused by <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> in Malaysia |
| title_short | Evaluation of Fungicides as Protective and Curative Treatments against Canker Disease of <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> Caused by <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> in Malaysia |
| title_sort | evaluation of fungicides as protective and curative treatments against canker disease of i eucalyptus urograndis i caused by i chrysoporthe deuterocubensis i in malaysia |
| topic | <i>Eucalyptus urograndis</i> <i>Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis</i> fungicides in vitro efficacy protective and curative |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/12/2337 |
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