Optimizing the detection, ablation, and ion extraction efficiency of a single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometer for application in environments with low aerosol particle concentrations
<p>The aim of this study is to show how a newly developed aerodynamic lens system (ALS), a delayed ion extraction (DIE), and better electric shielding improve the efficiency of the Aircraft-based Laser ABlation Aerosol MAss spectrometer (ALABAMA). These improvements are applicable to single-pa...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| Online Access: | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/13/5923/2020/amt-13-5923-2020.pdf |
| _version_ | 1811295308249825280 |
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| author | H.-C. Clemen J. Schneider T. Klimach F. Helleis F. Köllner A. Hünig A. Hünig F. Rubach F. Rubach S. Mertes H. Wex F. Stratmann A. Welti A. Welti R. Kohl F. Frank S. Borrmann S. Borrmann |
| author_facet | H.-C. Clemen J. Schneider T. Klimach F. Helleis F. Köllner A. Hünig A. Hünig F. Rubach F. Rubach S. Mertes H. Wex F. Stratmann A. Welti A. Welti R. Kohl F. Frank S. Borrmann S. Borrmann |
| author_sort | H.-C. Clemen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>The aim of this study is to show how a newly developed aerodynamic
lens system (ALS), a delayed ion extraction (DIE), and better electric
shielding improve the efficiency of the Aircraft-based Laser ABlation
Aerosol MAss spectrometer (ALABAMA). These improvements are applicable
to single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometers in general. To
characterize the modifications, extensive size-resolved measurements
with spherical polystyrene latex particles (PSL; 150–6000 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span>)
and cubic sodium chloride particles (NaCl; 400–1700 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span>) were
performed. Measurements at a fixed ALS position show an improved
detectable particle size range of the new ALS compared to the
previously used Liu-type ALS, especially for supermicron
particles. At a lens pressure of 2.4 <span class="inline-formula">hPa</span>, the new ALS achieves
a PSL particle size range from 230 to 3240 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span> with
50 <span class="inline-formula">%</span> detection efficiency and between 350 and 2000 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span>
with 95 <span class="inline-formula">%</span> detection efficiency. The particle beam divergence
was determined by measuring the detection efficiency at variable ALS
positions along the laser cross sections and found to be minimal for
PSL at about 800 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span>. Compared to measurements by single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS)
instruments using Liu-type ALSs, the minimum particle beam divergence
is shifted towards larger particle sizes. However, there are no
disadvantages compared to the Liu-type lenses for particle sizes down
to 200 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span>. Improvements achieved by using the DIE and an
additional electric shielding could be evaluated by size-resolved
measurements of the hit rate, which is the ratio of laser pulses
yielding a detectable amount of ions to the total number of emitted
laser pulses. In particular, the hit rate for multiply charged
particles smaller than 500 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span> is significantly improved by
preventing an undesired deflection of these particles in the ion
extraction field. Moreover, it was found that by using the DIE the ion
yield of the ablation, ionization, and ion extraction process could be
increased, resulting in up to 7 times higher signal intensities of
the cation spectra. The enhanced ion yield results in a larger
effective width of the ablation laser beam, which in turn leads to a
hit rate of almost 100 <span class="inline-formula">%</span> for PSL particles in the size range
from 350 to 2000 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span>. Regarding cubic NaCl particles the
modifications of the ALABAMA result in an up to 2 times increased
detection efficiency and an up to 5 times increased hit rate. The
need for such instrument modifications arises in particular for
measurements of particles that are present in low number
concentrations such as ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in general, but
also aerosol particles at high altitudes or in pristine
environments. Especially for these low particle number concentrations,
improved efficiencies help to overcome the statistical limitations of
single-particle mass spectrometer measurements. As an example,
laboratory INP measurements carried out in this study show that<span id="page5924"/> the
application of the DIE alone increases the number of INP mass spectra
per time unit by a factor of 2 to 3 for the sampled
substances. Overall, the combination of instrument modifications
presented here resulted in an increased measurement efficiency of the
ALABAMA for different particle types and particles shape as well as for highly
charged particles.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T05:30:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-973deed0c9ac4649b43725dcd9c841ce |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1867-1381 1867-8548 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T05:30:24Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| spelling | doaj.art-973deed0c9ac4649b43725dcd9c841ce2022-12-22T03:00:27ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Measurement Techniques1867-13811867-85482020-11-01135923595310.5194/amt-13-5923-2020Optimizing the detection, ablation, and ion extraction efficiency of a single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometer for application in environments with low aerosol particle concentrationsH.-C. Clemen0J. Schneider1T. Klimach2F. Helleis3F. Köllner4A. Hünig5A. Hünig6F. Rubach7F. Rubach8S. Mertes9H. Wex10F. Stratmann11A. Welti12A. Welti13R. Kohl14F. Frank15S. Borrmann16S. Borrmann17Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyInstitute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germanynow at: Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FinlandInstitute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, GermanyInstitute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyInstitute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany<p>The aim of this study is to show how a newly developed aerodynamic lens system (ALS), a delayed ion extraction (DIE), and better electric shielding improve the efficiency of the Aircraft-based Laser ABlation Aerosol MAss spectrometer (ALABAMA). These improvements are applicable to single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometers in general. To characterize the modifications, extensive size-resolved measurements with spherical polystyrene latex particles (PSL; 150–6000 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span>) and cubic sodium chloride particles (NaCl; 400–1700 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span>) were performed. Measurements at a fixed ALS position show an improved detectable particle size range of the new ALS compared to the previously used Liu-type ALS, especially for supermicron particles. At a lens pressure of 2.4 <span class="inline-formula">hPa</span>, the new ALS achieves a PSL particle size range from 230 to 3240 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span> with 50 <span class="inline-formula">%</span> detection efficiency and between 350 and 2000 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span> with 95 <span class="inline-formula">%</span> detection efficiency. The particle beam divergence was determined by measuring the detection efficiency at variable ALS positions along the laser cross sections and found to be minimal for PSL at about 800 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span>. Compared to measurements by single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) instruments using Liu-type ALSs, the minimum particle beam divergence is shifted towards larger particle sizes. However, there are no disadvantages compared to the Liu-type lenses for particle sizes down to 200 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span>. Improvements achieved by using the DIE and an additional electric shielding could be evaluated by size-resolved measurements of the hit rate, which is the ratio of laser pulses yielding a detectable amount of ions to the total number of emitted laser pulses. In particular, the hit rate for multiply charged particles smaller than 500 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span> is significantly improved by preventing an undesired deflection of these particles in the ion extraction field. Moreover, it was found that by using the DIE the ion yield of the ablation, ionization, and ion extraction process could be increased, resulting in up to 7 times higher signal intensities of the cation spectra. The enhanced ion yield results in a larger effective width of the ablation laser beam, which in turn leads to a hit rate of almost 100 <span class="inline-formula">%</span> for PSL particles in the size range from 350 to 2000 <span class="inline-formula">nm</span>. Regarding cubic NaCl particles the modifications of the ALABAMA result in an up to 2 times increased detection efficiency and an up to 5 times increased hit rate. The need for such instrument modifications arises in particular for measurements of particles that are present in low number concentrations such as ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in general, but also aerosol particles at high altitudes or in pristine environments. Especially for these low particle number concentrations, improved efficiencies help to overcome the statistical limitations of single-particle mass spectrometer measurements. As an example, laboratory INP measurements carried out in this study show that<span id="page5924"/> the application of the DIE alone increases the number of INP mass spectra per time unit by a factor of 2 to 3 for the sampled substances. Overall, the combination of instrument modifications presented here resulted in an increased measurement efficiency of the ALABAMA for different particle types and particles shape as well as for highly charged particles.</p>https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/13/5923/2020/amt-13-5923-2020.pdf |
| spellingShingle | H.-C. Clemen J. Schneider T. Klimach F. Helleis F. Köllner A. Hünig A. Hünig F. Rubach F. Rubach S. Mertes H. Wex F. Stratmann A. Welti A. Welti R. Kohl F. Frank S. Borrmann S. Borrmann Optimizing the detection, ablation, and ion extraction efficiency of a single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometer for application in environments with low aerosol particle concentrations Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| title | Optimizing the detection, ablation, and ion extraction efficiency of a single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometer for application in environments with low aerosol particle concentrations |
| title_full | Optimizing the detection, ablation, and ion extraction efficiency of a single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometer for application in environments with low aerosol particle concentrations |
| title_fullStr | Optimizing the detection, ablation, and ion extraction efficiency of a single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometer for application in environments with low aerosol particle concentrations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimizing the detection, ablation, and ion extraction efficiency of a single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometer for application in environments with low aerosol particle concentrations |
| title_short | Optimizing the detection, ablation, and ion extraction efficiency of a single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometer for application in environments with low aerosol particle concentrations |
| title_sort | optimizing the detection ablation and ion extraction efficiency of a single particle laser ablation mass spectrometer for application in environments with low aerosol particle concentrations |
| url | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/13/5923/2020/amt-13-5923-2020.pdf |
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