A Potent Fractional-Order Controller for Interconnected Multi-Source Microgrids
Frequency deviations and the capability to cope with demand are two of the main problems in isolated or interconnected microgrids, especially with the increase in the penetration level of renewable energy sources. Those two problems call for new improved controllers and methods able to suppress freq...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Electronics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/19/4152 |
| _version_ | 1797575966934958080 |
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| author | Ioannis Moschos Ioannis Mastoras Constantinos Parisses |
| author_facet | Ioannis Moschos Ioannis Mastoras Constantinos Parisses |
| author_sort | Ioannis Moschos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Frequency deviations and the capability to cope with demand are two of the main problems in isolated or interconnected microgrids, especially with the increase in the penetration level of renewable energy sources. Those two problems call for new improved controllers and methods able to suppress frequency deviations while keeping a balance between supply and demand. This study focuses on the implementation of a filtered fractional-order PDF controller in series with a one plus fractional-order PI controller (FOPDF-(1+FOPI)) for the frequency regulation of three-area multi-source interconnected microgrids. The proposed controller is optimized via the coot optimization algorithm. The proposed microgrids incorporate various sustainable units, renewable energy sources and a hybrid energy storage system in each area. The microgrids consist solely of sustainable and renewable sources and aim to provide possible microgrid configurations for 100% sustainable microgrids, which could be farms or small communities. The proposed controller is compared with the PIDF, integer-order PDF-(1+PI), and FOTDF-(1+TI) controllers in various scenarios. The first scenario involved evaluating the proposed controller in an isolated microgrid, where it achieved the best ITAE value, outperforming the second best by 29.5%. The second scenario considered three-area interconnected microgrids without RES penetration. The results revealed that the FOPDF-(1+FOPI) controller reduced the settling time in area one by 79.13% and 52.26% compared to that of the PIDF and FOTDF-(1+TI) controllers. Next, RES penetration was introduced into each microgrid in the form of steps or varied changes. Subsequently, performance evaluation was conducted in the presence of a communication time delay and noise in the control channels. Finally, a robustness assessment was conducted for the proposed controller in the interconnected microgrids with respect to parameter uncertainties. The simulations showed a maximum deviation in the settling time and maximum overshoot in area 1 of 66.6% and 38.74%, respectively |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:45:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9750959787ee4f52a61b48fbcf5bd990 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:45:53Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Electronics |
| spelling | doaj.art-9750959787ee4f52a61b48fbcf5bd9902023-11-19T14:17:58ZengMDPI AGElectronics2079-92922023-10-011219415210.3390/electronics12194152A Potent Fractional-Order Controller for Interconnected Multi-Source MicrogridsIoannis Moschos0Ioannis Mastoras1Constantinos Parisses2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, ZEP Campus, 50100 Kozani, GreeceDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, ZEP Campus, 50100 Kozani, GreeceDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, ZEP Campus, 50100 Kozani, GreeceFrequency deviations and the capability to cope with demand are two of the main problems in isolated or interconnected microgrids, especially with the increase in the penetration level of renewable energy sources. Those two problems call for new improved controllers and methods able to suppress frequency deviations while keeping a balance between supply and demand. This study focuses on the implementation of a filtered fractional-order PDF controller in series with a one plus fractional-order PI controller (FOPDF-(1+FOPI)) for the frequency regulation of three-area multi-source interconnected microgrids. The proposed controller is optimized via the coot optimization algorithm. The proposed microgrids incorporate various sustainable units, renewable energy sources and a hybrid energy storage system in each area. The microgrids consist solely of sustainable and renewable sources and aim to provide possible microgrid configurations for 100% sustainable microgrids, which could be farms or small communities. The proposed controller is compared with the PIDF, integer-order PDF-(1+PI), and FOTDF-(1+TI) controllers in various scenarios. The first scenario involved evaluating the proposed controller in an isolated microgrid, where it achieved the best ITAE value, outperforming the second best by 29.5%. The second scenario considered three-area interconnected microgrids without RES penetration. The results revealed that the FOPDF-(1+FOPI) controller reduced the settling time in area one by 79.13% and 52.26% compared to that of the PIDF and FOTDF-(1+TI) controllers. Next, RES penetration was introduced into each microgrid in the form of steps or varied changes. Subsequently, performance evaluation was conducted in the presence of a communication time delay and noise in the control channels. Finally, a robustness assessment was conducted for the proposed controller in the interconnected microgrids with respect to parameter uncertainties. The simulations showed a maximum deviation in the settling time and maximum overshoot in area 1 of 66.6% and 38.74%, respectivelyhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/19/4152fractional controllerPIDCOAload frequency controlhybrid energy storage systemsrenewable energy |
| spellingShingle | Ioannis Moschos Ioannis Mastoras Constantinos Parisses A Potent Fractional-Order Controller for Interconnected Multi-Source Microgrids Electronics fractional controller PID COA load frequency control hybrid energy storage systems renewable energy |
| title | A Potent Fractional-Order Controller for Interconnected Multi-Source Microgrids |
| title_full | A Potent Fractional-Order Controller for Interconnected Multi-Source Microgrids |
| title_fullStr | A Potent Fractional-Order Controller for Interconnected Multi-Source Microgrids |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Potent Fractional-Order Controller for Interconnected Multi-Source Microgrids |
| title_short | A Potent Fractional-Order Controller for Interconnected Multi-Source Microgrids |
| title_sort | potent fractional order controller for interconnected multi source microgrids |
| topic | fractional controller PID COA load frequency control hybrid energy storage systems renewable energy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/19/4152 |
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