Carotenoid and Tocopherol Profiling in 18 Korean Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables by LC-SIM-MS
Fruits and vegetables are a vital source of redox-active phytochemicals in the diet. Traditional green leafy vegetables (GLVs) are a rich source of carotenoids, dietary fiber, minerals, phenols, vitamins, and tocopherols and are commonly consumed in rural areas worldwide. In traditional Korean medic...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| author | Eun-Young Ko Ji-Ho Lee Iyyakkannu Sivanesan Mi-Jung Choi Young-Soo Keum Ramesh Kumar Saini |
| author_facet | Eun-Young Ko Ji-Ho Lee Iyyakkannu Sivanesan Mi-Jung Choi Young-Soo Keum Ramesh Kumar Saini |
| author_sort | Eun-Young Ko |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fruits and vegetables are a vital source of redox-active phytochemicals in the diet. Traditional green leafy vegetables (GLVs) are a rich source of carotenoids, dietary fiber, minerals, phenols, vitamins, and tocopherols and are commonly consumed in rural areas worldwide. In traditional Korean medicine, many GLVs are used to treat various ailments. However, data on the carotenoid and tocopherol content of many traditional GLVs consumed in the Republic of Korea are insufficient. The current work aims to compare the carotenoid and tocopherol profiles of 18 traditional GLVs by utilizing a single ion monitoring LC-MS approach to identify the potential GLVs for commercial cultivation and healthy diet formulations. Among the traditional GLVs investigated, (all-E)-lutein was the most abundant carotenoid, ranging from 44.4% in <i>Glehnia littoralis</i> to 52.1% in <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i>. It was followed by (all-E)-violaxanthin and (all-E)-β-carotene. The highest contents of (all-<i>E</i>)-violaxanthin (75.6 µg/g FW), 9-Z-neoxanthin (48.4 µg/g FW), (all-<i>E</i>)-luteoxanthin (10.8 µg/g FW), (all-<i>E</i>)-lutein (174.1 µg/g FW), total xanthophylls (310.5 µg/g FW), (all-<i>E</i>)-β-carotene (69.6 µg/g FW), and total carotenoids (380.1 µg/g FW) were recorded in <i>Pimpinella brachycarpa</i>. Surprisingly, <i>Taraxacum mongolicum</i> also showed the highest contents of (all-<i>E</i>)-violaxanthin, (all-<i>E</i>)-lutein, and total carotenoids, which were statistically non-significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05, Tukey HSD) with <i>P. brachycarpa</i>. The highest concentration of (all-<i>E</i>)-zeaxanthin (14.4 µg/g FW) was recorded in <i>Solidago virga-aurea</i>. Among the studied herbs, 13.9 (<i>H. moellendorffii</i>)–133.6 µg/g FW (<i>Toona sinensis</i>) of α-tocopherol was recorded. Overall, the results suggest that <i>P. brachycarpa</i> and <i>T. mongolicum</i> are rich sources of carotenoids. On the other hand, <i>T. sinensis</i> is a rich source of α-tocopherol. These GLVs can be utilized in the diet to enhance the intake of health-beneficial carotenoids and α-tocopherol. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-97563bce87d24e44b783cf249b1444462023-11-17T11:07:38ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-03-01126131210.3390/foods12061312Carotenoid and Tocopherol Profiling in 18 Korean Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables by LC-SIM-MSEun-Young Ko0Ji-Ho Lee1Iyyakkannu Sivanesan2Mi-Jung Choi3Young-Soo Keum4Ramesh Kumar Saini5Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of KoreaFruits and vegetables are a vital source of redox-active phytochemicals in the diet. Traditional green leafy vegetables (GLVs) are a rich source of carotenoids, dietary fiber, minerals, phenols, vitamins, and tocopherols and are commonly consumed in rural areas worldwide. In traditional Korean medicine, many GLVs are used to treat various ailments. However, data on the carotenoid and tocopherol content of many traditional GLVs consumed in the Republic of Korea are insufficient. The current work aims to compare the carotenoid and tocopherol profiles of 18 traditional GLVs by utilizing a single ion monitoring LC-MS approach to identify the potential GLVs for commercial cultivation and healthy diet formulations. Among the traditional GLVs investigated, (all-E)-lutein was the most abundant carotenoid, ranging from 44.4% in <i>Glehnia littoralis</i> to 52.1% in <i>Heracleum moellendorffii</i>. It was followed by (all-E)-violaxanthin and (all-E)-β-carotene. The highest contents of (all-<i>E</i>)-violaxanthin (75.6 µg/g FW), 9-Z-neoxanthin (48.4 µg/g FW), (all-<i>E</i>)-luteoxanthin (10.8 µg/g FW), (all-<i>E</i>)-lutein (174.1 µg/g FW), total xanthophylls (310.5 µg/g FW), (all-<i>E</i>)-β-carotene (69.6 µg/g FW), and total carotenoids (380.1 µg/g FW) were recorded in <i>Pimpinella brachycarpa</i>. Surprisingly, <i>Taraxacum mongolicum</i> also showed the highest contents of (all-<i>E</i>)-violaxanthin, (all-<i>E</i>)-lutein, and total carotenoids, which were statistically non-significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05, Tukey HSD) with <i>P. brachycarpa</i>. The highest concentration of (all-<i>E</i>)-zeaxanthin (14.4 µg/g FW) was recorded in <i>Solidago virga-aurea</i>. Among the studied herbs, 13.9 (<i>H. moellendorffii</i>)–133.6 µg/g FW (<i>Toona sinensis</i>) of α-tocopherol was recorded. Overall, the results suggest that <i>P. brachycarpa</i> and <i>T. mongolicum</i> are rich sources of carotenoids. On the other hand, <i>T. sinensis</i> is a rich source of α-tocopherol. These GLVs can be utilized in the diet to enhance the intake of health-beneficial carotenoids and α-tocopherol.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/6/1312<i>Pimpinella brachycarpa</i><i>Taraxacum mongolicum</i>Toona sinensisphytochemicalsprovitamin Alutein |
| spellingShingle | Eun-Young Ko Ji-Ho Lee Iyyakkannu Sivanesan Mi-Jung Choi Young-Soo Keum Ramesh Kumar Saini Carotenoid and Tocopherol Profiling in 18 Korean Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables by LC-SIM-MS Foods <i>Pimpinella brachycarpa</i> <i>Taraxacum mongolicum</i> Toona sinensis phytochemicals provitamin A lutein |
| title | Carotenoid and Tocopherol Profiling in 18 Korean Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables by LC-SIM-MS |
| title_full | Carotenoid and Tocopherol Profiling in 18 Korean Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables by LC-SIM-MS |
| title_fullStr | Carotenoid and Tocopherol Profiling in 18 Korean Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables by LC-SIM-MS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carotenoid and Tocopherol Profiling in 18 Korean Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables by LC-SIM-MS |
| title_short | Carotenoid and Tocopherol Profiling in 18 Korean Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables by LC-SIM-MS |
| title_sort | carotenoid and tocopherol profiling in 18 korean traditional green leafy vegetables by lc sim ms |
| topic | <i>Pimpinella brachycarpa</i> <i>Taraxacum mongolicum</i> Toona sinensis phytochemicals provitamin A lutein |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/6/1312 |
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