How and when to manage respiratory infections out of hospital
Lower respiratory infections include acute bronchitis, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of COPD and acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis. They are a major cause of death worldwide and often affect the most vulnerable: children, elderly and the impoverished. In this paper,...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
European Respiratory Society
2022-10-01
|
| Series: | European Respiratory Review |
| Online Access: | http://err.ersjournals.com/content/31/166/220092.full |
| _version_ | 1797961060449255424 |
|---|---|
| author | Rodrigo Cavallazzi Julio A. Ramirez |
| author_facet | Rodrigo Cavallazzi Julio A. Ramirez |
| author_sort | Rodrigo Cavallazzi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lower respiratory infections include acute bronchitis, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of COPD and acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis. They are a major cause of death worldwide and often affect the most vulnerable: children, elderly and the impoverished. In this paper, we review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, severity assessment and treatment of adult outpatients with lower respiratory infections. The paper is divided into sections on specific lower respiratory infections, but we also dedicate a section to COVID-19 given the importance of the ongoing pandemic. Lower respiratory infections are heterogeneous entities, carry different risks for adverse events, and require different management strategies. For instance, while patients with acute bronchitis are rarely admitted to hospital and generally do not require antimicrobials, approximately 40% of patients seen for community-acquired pneumonia require admission. Clinicians caring for patients with lower respiratory infections face several challenges, including an increasing population of patients with immunosuppression, potential need for diagnostic tests that may not be readily available, antibiotic resistance and social aspects that place these patients at higher risk. Management principles for patients with lower respiratory infections include knowledge of local surveillance data, strategic use of diagnostic tests according to surveillance data, and judicious use of antimicrobials. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T00:53:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-975ea6fc00b642eca0f4bdf73596bbad |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0905-9180 1600-0617 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T00:53:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | European Respiratory Society |
| record_format | Article |
| series | European Respiratory Review |
| spelling | doaj.art-975ea6fc00b642eca0f4bdf73596bbad2023-01-05T07:48:22ZengEuropean Respiratory SocietyEuropean Respiratory Review0905-91801600-06172022-10-013116610.1183/16000617.0092-20220092-2022How and when to manage respiratory infections out of hospitalRodrigo Cavallazzi0Julio A. Ramirez1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA Norton Infectious Diseases Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USA Lower respiratory infections include acute bronchitis, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of COPD and acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis. They are a major cause of death worldwide and often affect the most vulnerable: children, elderly and the impoverished. In this paper, we review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, severity assessment and treatment of adult outpatients with lower respiratory infections. The paper is divided into sections on specific lower respiratory infections, but we also dedicate a section to COVID-19 given the importance of the ongoing pandemic. Lower respiratory infections are heterogeneous entities, carry different risks for adverse events, and require different management strategies. For instance, while patients with acute bronchitis are rarely admitted to hospital and generally do not require antimicrobials, approximately 40% of patients seen for community-acquired pneumonia require admission. Clinicians caring for patients with lower respiratory infections face several challenges, including an increasing population of patients with immunosuppression, potential need for diagnostic tests that may not be readily available, antibiotic resistance and social aspects that place these patients at higher risk. Management principles for patients with lower respiratory infections include knowledge of local surveillance data, strategic use of diagnostic tests according to surveillance data, and judicious use of antimicrobials.http://err.ersjournals.com/content/31/166/220092.full |
| spellingShingle | Rodrigo Cavallazzi Julio A. Ramirez How and when to manage respiratory infections out of hospital European Respiratory Review |
| title | How and when to manage respiratory infections out of hospital |
| title_full | How and when to manage respiratory infections out of hospital |
| title_fullStr | How and when to manage respiratory infections out of hospital |
| title_full_unstemmed | How and when to manage respiratory infections out of hospital |
| title_short | How and when to manage respiratory infections out of hospital |
| title_sort | how and when to manage respiratory infections out of hospital |
| url | http://err.ersjournals.com/content/31/166/220092.full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rodrigocavallazzi howandwhentomanagerespiratoryinfectionsoutofhospital AT julioaramirez howandwhentomanagerespiratoryinfectionsoutofhospital |