Raging the War Against Inflammation With Natural Products

Over the last few decade Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the drugs of choice for treating numerous inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. The NSAIDs produces anti-inflammatory activity via inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme, responsible for the conversation of arachid...

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Main Authors: Ali Attiq, Juriyati Jalil, Khairana Husain, Waqas Ahmad
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2018-09-01
Series:Frontiers in Pharmacology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2018.00976/full
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author Ali Attiq
Juriyati Jalil
Khairana Husain
Waqas Ahmad
author_facet Ali Attiq
Juriyati Jalil
Khairana Husain
Waqas Ahmad
author_sort Ali Attiq
collection DOAJ
description Over the last few decade Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the drugs of choice for treating numerous inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. The NSAIDs produces anti-inflammatory activity via inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme, responsible for the conversation of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Likewise, cyclooxegenase-2 inhibitors (COX-2) selectively inhibit the COX-2 enzyme and produces significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-pyretic activity without producing COX-1 associated gastrointestinal and renal side effects. In last two decades numerous selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) have been developed and approved for various inflammatory conditions. However, data from clinical trials have suggested that the prolong use of COX-2 inhibitors are also associated with life threatening cardiovascular side effects including ischemic heart failure and myocardial infection. In these scenario secondary metabolites from natural product offers a great hope for the development of novel anti-inflammatory compounds. Although majority of the natural product based compounds exhibit more selectively toward COX-1. However, the data suggest that slight structural modification can be helpful in developing COX-2 selective secondary metabolites with comparative efficacy and limited side effects. This review is an effort to highlight the secondary metabolites from terrestrial and marine source with significant COX-2 and COX-2 mediated PGE2 inhibitory activity, since it is anticipated that isolates with ability to inhibit COX-2 mediated PGE2 production would be useful in suppressing the inflammation and its classical sign and symptoms. Moreover, this review has highlighted the potential lead compounds including berberine, kaurenoic acid, α-cyperone, curcumin, and zedoarondiol for further development with the help of structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies and their current status.
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spelling doaj.art-97a21a682f9a4ec1951325b95a8e6a762022-12-22T01:15:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Pharmacology1663-98122018-09-01910.3389/fphar.2018.00976412989Raging the War Against Inflammation With Natural ProductsAli Attiq0Juriyati Jalil1Khairana Husain2Waqas Ahmad3Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDrug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDrug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, MalaysiaOver the last few decade Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the drugs of choice for treating numerous inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. The NSAIDs produces anti-inflammatory activity via inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme, responsible for the conversation of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Likewise, cyclooxegenase-2 inhibitors (COX-2) selectively inhibit the COX-2 enzyme and produces significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-pyretic activity without producing COX-1 associated gastrointestinal and renal side effects. In last two decades numerous selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) have been developed and approved for various inflammatory conditions. However, data from clinical trials have suggested that the prolong use of COX-2 inhibitors are also associated with life threatening cardiovascular side effects including ischemic heart failure and myocardial infection. In these scenario secondary metabolites from natural product offers a great hope for the development of novel anti-inflammatory compounds. Although majority of the natural product based compounds exhibit more selectively toward COX-1. However, the data suggest that slight structural modification can be helpful in developing COX-2 selective secondary metabolites with comparative efficacy and limited side effects. This review is an effort to highlight the secondary metabolites from terrestrial and marine source with significant COX-2 and COX-2 mediated PGE2 inhibitory activity, since it is anticipated that isolates with ability to inhibit COX-2 mediated PGE2 production would be useful in suppressing the inflammation and its classical sign and symptoms. Moreover, this review has highlighted the potential lead compounds including berberine, kaurenoic acid, α-cyperone, curcumin, and zedoarondiol for further development with the help of structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies and their current status.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2018.00976/fullcyclooxygenase-2inflammationnatural productsprostaglandin E2cyclooxygenase pathwayanti-inflammatory
spellingShingle Ali Attiq
Juriyati Jalil
Khairana Husain
Waqas Ahmad
Raging the War Against Inflammation With Natural Products
Frontiers in Pharmacology
cyclooxygenase-2
inflammation
natural products
prostaglandin E2
cyclooxygenase pathway
anti-inflammatory
title Raging the War Against Inflammation With Natural Products
title_full Raging the War Against Inflammation With Natural Products
title_fullStr Raging the War Against Inflammation With Natural Products
title_full_unstemmed Raging the War Against Inflammation With Natural Products
title_short Raging the War Against Inflammation With Natural Products
title_sort raging the war against inflammation with natural products
topic cyclooxygenase-2
inflammation
natural products
prostaglandin E2
cyclooxygenase pathway
anti-inflammatory
url https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2018.00976/full
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